মাটির উর্বরতা
মাটির উর্বরতা
ভূমিকা মাটি আমাদের জীবনের ভিত্তি। খাদ্য উৎপাদন, পরিবেশের ভারসাম্য রক্ষা এবং জীববৈচিত্র্য টিকিয়ে রাখতে মাটির উর্বরতা অত্যাবশ্যকীয়। উর্বর মাটি উদ্ভিদের স্বাভাবিক বৃদ্ধি ও বিকাশের জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় পুষ্টি উপাদান সরবরাহ করে। এই নিবন্ধে মাটির উর্বরতা, এর প্রকারভেদ, উর্বরতা বৃদ্ধির উপায় এবং বাংলাদেশে এর গুরুত্ব নিয়ে বিস্তারিত আলোচনা করা হলো।
মাটি কী? মাটি হলো পৃথিবীর উপরিভাগের একটি মিশ্রণ, যা খনিজ পদার্থ, জৈব পদার্থ, পানি এবং বায়ু দ্বারা গঠিত। এটি শিলা আবহাওয়ার ফলস্বরূপ তৈরি হয় এবং উদ্ভিদ জীবনের জন্য একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ মাধ্যম হিসেবে কাজ করে। মাটির গঠন এবং বৈশিষ্ট্য উদ্ভিদের পুষ্টি গ্রহণ ক্ষমতাকে প্রভাবিত করে।
উর্বরতা কী? মাটির উর্বরতা হলো মাটি তার মধ্যে থাকা পুষ্টি উপাদান সরবরাহ করে উদ্ভিদের বৃদ্ধি ও উৎপাদনের ক্ষমতা। উর্বর মাটি উদ্ভিদের জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় নাইট্রোজেন, ফসফরাস, পটাশিয়াম, সালফার, এবং অন্যান্য ক্ষুদ্র পুষ্টি উপাদান-এর উৎস হিসেবে কাজ করে।
মাটির উর্বরতার প্রকারভেদ মাটির উর্বরতাকে সাধারণত তিনটি প্রধান ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়:
১. প্রাকৃতিক উর্বরতা: এই প্রকার উর্বরতা মাটির প্রাকৃতিক উপাদান এবং গঠনের উপর নির্ভরশীল। যেমন - বেলে দোআঁশ মাটি সাধারণত উর্বর হয় কারণ এর পানি ধারণক্ষমতা এবং বায়ু চলাচল ভালো থাকে।
২. অর্জিত উর্বরতা: মানুষের কার্যকলাপের মাধ্যমে এই উর্বরতা বৃদ্ধি করা হয়। সার প্রয়োগ, চুন ব্যবহার, এবং জৈব সার যোগ করার মাধ্যমে মাটির উর্বরতা বাড়ানো যায়।
৩. সাময়িক উর্বরতা: এটি ক্ষণস্থায়ী এবং নির্দিষ্ট ফসলের জন্য উপযোগী। সবুজ সার ব্যবহার বা শস্য পর্যায়ক্রম অনুসরণ করে এই উর্বরতা বৃদ্ধি করা যায়।
উর্বরতা নির্ধারণকারী উপাদানসমূহ মাটির উর্বরতা বিভিন্ন উপাদানের উপর নির্ভর করে। নিচে কয়েকটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ উপাদান আলোচনা করা হলো:
- পুষ্টি উপাদান: উদ্ভিদের জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় পুষ্টি উপাদানগুলোর উপস্থিতি এবং সহজলভ্যতা উর্বরতার প্রধান শর্ত।
- মাটির গঠন: মাটির কণাগুলোর বিন্যাস এবং পরিমাণ উর্বরতাকে প্রভাবিত করে। বেলে, দোআঁশ ও এঁটেল মাটির বৈশিষ্ট্য ভিন্ন হওয়ায় এদের উর্বরতাও ভিন্ন হয়।
- পিএইচ (pH) মাত্রা: মাটির অম্লত্ব বা ক্ষারত্ব উদ্ভিদের পুষ্টি গ্রহণ ক্ষমতাকে প্রভাবিত করে। অধিকাংশ উদ্ভিদের জন্য ৬.০ থেকে ৭.০ পিএইচ মাত্রা সবচেয়ে উপযুক্ত।
- জৈব পদার্থের পরিমাণ: হিউমাস এবং অন্যান্য জৈব পদার্থ মাটির উর্বরতা বৃদ্ধি করে, পানি ধারণক্ষমতা বাড়ায় এবং মাটির গঠন উন্নত করে।
- পানি ধারণক্ষমতা: মাটিতে পর্যাপ্ত পরিমাণে পানি ধরে রাখার ক্ষমতা থাকতে হবে, যা উদ্ভিদের প্রয়োজনীয়তা পূরণ করে।
- বায়ু চলাচল: মাটির মধ্যে পর্যাপ্ত বায়ু চলাচল থাকা প্রয়োজন, যা উদ্ভিদের শিকড়ের শ্বাস-প্রশ্বাস নিশ্চিত করে।
- মাটির অণুজীব: ব্যাকটেরিয়া, ছত্রাক এবং অন্যান্য অণুজীব জৈব পদার্থকে ভেঙে পুষ্টি উপাদানে পরিণত করে, যা উদ্ভিদের জন্য সহজলভ্য হয়।
মাটির উর্বরতা বৃদ্ধির উপায় মাটির উর্বরতা বৃদ্ধির জন্য বিভিন্ন কৌশল অবলম্বন করা যেতে পারে। নিচে কয়েকটি উল্লেখযোগ্য উপায় আলোচনা করা হলো:
১. সার প্রয়োগ: উদ্ভিদের প্রয়োজনীয় পুষ্টি উপাদান সরবরাহ করার জন্য রাসায়নিক সার, জৈব সার, এবং মিশ্র সার ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে।
- রাসায়নিক সার: ইউরিয়া, টিএসপি, এমওপি ইত্যাদি রাসায়নিক সার উদ্ভিদের দ্রুত বৃদ্ধির জন্য সহায়ক।
- জৈব সার: কম্পোস্ট, গোবর সার, ভার্মিকম্পোস্ট, এবং সবুজ সার মাটির উর্বরতা বৃদ্ধি করে এবং পরিবেশের জন্য নিরাপদ।
২. শস্য পর্যায়ক্রম: একই জমিতে পর্যায়ক্রমে বিভিন্ন ফসল চাষ করলে মাটির পুষ্টি উপাদান বজায় থাকে এবং রোগ ও পোকার আক্রমণ কমে যায়। ধান, ডাল, আলু, এবং তেলবীজ-এর মতো ফসল পর্যায়ক্রমে চাষ করা যেতে পারে।
৩. সবুজ সার: জমিতে সবুজ সার ফসল (যেমন - শিম, ক্লোভার) চাষ করে তা মাটিতে মিশিয়ে দিলে জৈব পদার্থের পরিমাণ বৃদ্ধি পায় এবং উর্বরতা বাড়ে।
৪. চুন ব্যবহার: অ্যাসিডিক মাটিতে চুন ব্যবহার করলে পিএইচ মাত্রা স্বাভাবিক হয় এবং উদ্ভিদের জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় পুষ্টি উপাদান সহজলভ্য হয়।
৫. জৈব পদার্থের সংযোজন: মাটিতে নিয়মিতভাবে জৈব সার, কম্পোস্ট, এবং অন্যান্য জৈব পদার্থ যোগ করলে মাটির গঠন উন্নত হয় এবং উর্বরতা বৃদ্ধি পায়।
৬. পানি ব্যবস্থাপনা: সঠিক সময়ে এবং পরিমাণে পানি সরবরাহ করলে উদ্ভিদের পুষ্টি গ্রহণ ক্ষমতা বাড়ে এবং ফলন বৃদ্ধি পায়। সেচ পদ্ধতি নির্বাচন করার ক্ষেত্রে মাটির ধরন এবং ফসলের প্রয়োজনীয়তা বিবেচনা করা উচিত।
৭. মাটির স্বাস্থ্য পরিচর্যা: নিয়মিতভাবে মাটির স্বাস্থ্য পরীক্ষা করে পুষ্টি উপাদানের ঘাটতি নির্ণয় করা এবং সেই অনুযায়ী ব্যবস্থা গ্রহণ করা উচিত।
৮. সমন্বিত পুষ্টি ব্যবস্থাপনা: আইপিএনএম (Integrated Plant Nutrition Management) অনুসরণ করে উদ্ভিদের প্রয়োজনীয় পুষ্টি উপাদান সরবরাহ করা যায়।
৯. জৈব কীটনাশক ব্যবহার: ক্ষতিকর কীটনাশকের ব্যবহার কমিয়ে জৈব কীটনাশক ব্যবহার করা ভালো।
বাংলাদেশে মাটির উর্বরতা বাংলাদেশের মাটি মূলত গঙ্গা, ব্রহ্মপুত্র, এবং মেঘনা নদীর পলল দ্বারা গঠিত। এই মাটি সাধারণত উর্বর, তবে অতিরিক্ত চাষাবাদ এবং অপরিকল্পিত সার ব্যবহারের কারণে এর উর্বরতা হ্রাস পাচ্ছে।
- বাংলাদেশের মাটির বৈশিষ্ট্য:
* অধিকাংশ মাটি দোআঁশ প্রকৃতির। * পুরাতন ব্রহ্মপুত্র অববাহিকার মাটি উর্বর এবং বেলে দোআঁশ। * উপকূলীয় অঞ্চলের মাটি লবণাক্ত। * পাহাড়ি অঞ্চলের মাটি বেলে এবং পাথুরে।
- বাংলাদেশে উর্বরতা হ্রাসের কারণ:
* অতিরিক্ত জনসংখ্যা এবং খাদ্য চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি। * অপরিকল্পিত সার ব্যবহার। * মাটির ক্ষয় রোধে প্রয়োজনীয় পদক্ষেপের অভাব। * বনভূমি ধ্বংসের কারণে মাটির উর্বরতা হ্রাস। * জলবায়ু পরিবর্তন এবং প্রাকৃতিক দুর্যোগ।
- উর্বরতা বৃদ্ধির জন্য গৃহীত পদক্ষেপ:
* কৃষি সম্প্রসারণ অধিদপ্তর কর্তৃক কৃষকদের প্রশিক্ষণ ও সহায়তা প্রদান। * জৈব সার ও সবুজ সার ব্যবহারের khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến khuyến কা।
- মাটির উর্বরতা রক্ষার জন্য সমন্বিত পদক্ষেপ গ্রহণ করা প্রয়োজন।
উপসংহার মাটির উর্বরতা কৃষি উৎপাদনের মূল ভিত্তি। এর সঠিক পরিচর্যা এবং রক্ষণাবেক্ষণ আমাদের খাদ্য নিরাপত্তা নিশ্চিত করতে পারে। তাই, মাটির উর্বরতা বৃদ্ধি এবং তা সংরক্ষণে সকলের সম্মিলিত প্রচেষ্টা জরুরি।
আরও জানতে: মাটি দূষণ সার ব্যবস্থাপনা কৃষি অর্থনীতি জলবায়ু পরিবর্তন টেকসই কৃষি বাণিজ্যিক চাষ ফসল বিজ্ঞান মাটি পরীক্ষা সবুজ বিপ্লব ক্ষুদ্র পুষ্টি উপাদান নাইট্রোজেন চক্র ফসফরাস চক্র পটাশিয়াম চক্র মাটির অম্লত্ব মাটির ক্ষারত্ব কম্পোস্টিং ভার্মিকম্পোস্টিং সবুজ সার শস্য পর্যায় সমন্বিত পুষ্টি ব্যবস্থাপনা
এখনই ট্রেডিং শুরু করুন
IQ Option-এ নিবন্ধন করুন (সর্বনিম্ন ডিপোজিট $10) Pocket Option-এ অ্যাকাউন্ট খুলুন (সর্বনিম্ন ডিপোজিট $5)
আমাদের সম্প্রদায়ে যোগ দিন
আমাদের টেলিগ্রাম চ্যানেলে যোগ দিন @strategybin এবং পান: ✓ দৈনিক ট্রেডিং সংকেত ✓ একচেটিয়া কৌশলগত বিশ্লেষণ ✓ বাজারের প্রবণতা সম্পর্কে বিজ্ঞপ্তি ✓ নতুনদের জন্য শিক্ষামূলক উপকরণ
