Markowitz Model

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```wiki

  1. REDIRECT Markowitz Portfolio Theory

Introduction

The Template:Short description is an essential MediaWiki template designed to provide concise summaries and descriptions for MediaWiki pages. This template plays an important role in organizing and displaying information on pages related to subjects such as Binary Options, IQ Option, and Pocket Option among others. In this article, we will explore the purpose and utilization of the Template:Short description, with practical examples and a step-by-step guide for beginners. In addition, this article will provide detailed links to pages about Binary Options Trading, including practical examples from Register at IQ Option and Open an account at Pocket Option.

Purpose and Overview

The Template:Short description is used to present a brief, clear description of a page's subject. It helps in managing content and makes navigation easier for readers seeking information about topics such as Binary Options, Trading Platforms, and Binary Option Strategies. The template is particularly useful in SEO as it improves the way your page is indexed, and it supports the overall clarity of your MediaWiki site.

Structure and Syntax

Below is an example of how to format the short description template on a MediaWiki page for a binary options trading article:

Parameter Description
Description A brief description of the content of the page.
Example Template:Short description: "Binary Options Trading: Simple strategies for beginners."

The above table shows the parameters available for Template:Short description. It is important to use this template consistently across all pages to ensure uniformity in the site structure.

Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners

Here is a numbered list of steps explaining how to create and use the Template:Short description in your MediaWiki pages: 1. Create a new page by navigating to the special page for creating a template. 2. Define the template parameters as needed – usually a short text description regarding the page's topic. 3. Insert the template on the desired page with the proper syntax: Template loop detected: Template:Short description. Make sure to include internal links to related topics such as Binary Options Trading, Trading Strategies, and Finance. 4. Test your page to ensure that the short description displays correctly in search results and page previews. 5. Update the template as new information or changes in the site’s theme occur. This will help improve SEO and the overall user experience.

Practical Examples

Below are two specific examples where the Template:Short description can be applied on binary options trading pages:

Example: IQ Option Trading Guide

The IQ Option trading guide page may include the template as follows: Template loop detected: Template:Short description For those interested in starting their trading journey, visit Register at IQ Option for more details and live trading experiences.

Example: Pocket Option Trading Strategies

Similarly, a page dedicated to Pocket Option strategies could add: Template loop detected: Template:Short description If you wish to open a trading account, check out Open an account at Pocket Option to begin working with these innovative trading techniques.

Related Internal Links

Using the Template:Short description effectively involves linking to other related pages on your site. Some relevant internal pages include:

These internal links not only improve SEO but also enhance the navigability of your MediaWiki site, making it easier for beginners to explore correlated topics.

Recommendations and Practical Tips

To maximize the benefit of using Template:Short description on pages about binary options trading: 1. Always ensure that your descriptions are concise and directly relevant to the page content. 2. Include multiple internal links such as Binary Options, Binary Options Trading, and Trading Platforms to enhance SEO performance. 3. Regularly review and update your template to incorporate new keywords and strategies from the evolving world of binary options trading. 4. Utilize examples from reputable binary options trading platforms like IQ Option and Pocket Option to provide practical, real-world context. 5. Test your pages on different devices to ensure uniformity and readability.

Conclusion

The Template:Short description provides a powerful tool to improve the structure, organization, and SEO of MediaWiki pages, particularly for content related to binary options trading. Utilizing this template, along with proper internal linking to pages such as Binary Options Trading and incorporating practical examples from platforms like Register at IQ Option and Open an account at Pocket Option, you can effectively guide beginners through the process of binary options trading. Embrace the steps outlined and practical recommendations provided in this article for optimal performance on your MediaWiki platform.

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    • Financial Disclaimer**

The information provided herein is for informational purposes only and does not constitute financial advice. All content, opinions, and recommendations are provided for general informational purposes only and should not be construed as an offer or solicitation to buy or sell any financial instruments.

Any reliance you place on such information is strictly at your own risk. The author, its affiliates, and publishers shall not be liable for any loss or damage, including indirect, incidental, or consequential losses, arising from the use or reliance on the information provided.

Before making any financial decisions, you are strongly advised to consult with a qualified financial advisor and conduct your own research and due diligence.

  1. Template:Infobox finance

Template:Infobox finance is a standardized template used on Wikipedia and other MediaWiki-based wikis to concisely summarize key information about financial instruments, companies, events, and concepts. It provides a consistent and easily readable format for presenting complex financial data. This article will guide beginners through understanding, using, and customizing the `Infobox finance` template. We will cover its purpose, structure, parameters, common use cases, and advanced customization options.

Purpose and Benefits

The primary purpose of the `Infobox finance` template is to provide a quick overview of a financial subject. This is particularly useful for:

  • **Rapid Information Access:** Users can quickly scan the infobox to grasp essential details without reading the entire article.
  • **Standardization:** Consistent formatting across financial topics improves readability and comparability.
  • **Data Aggregation:** Infoboxes act as a central repository for key data points, simplifying analysis.
  • **Navigation:** Infoboxes often link to related articles, facilitating further exploration of the subject.
  • **Visual Appeal:** A well-structured infobox enhances the overall presentation of an article.

Using a standardized template like `Infobox finance` ensures that articles on related topics follow a similar structure, making it easier for readers to find the information they need. This is crucial in the complex world of finance, where clarity and consistency are paramount.

Basic Structure and Parameters

The `Infobox finance` template relies on a series of named parameters to populate the various fields within the infobox. These parameters are specified within the template call using the syntax `| parameter_name = parameter_value`. Here's a breakdown of some of the most common parameters:

  • `name`: (Required) The official name of the financial instrument, company, or event.
  • `image`: The filename of an image to display in the infobox. Use `|image_size = ` to control the image dimensions.
  • `caption`: A caption for the image.
  • `type`: The type of financial instrument (e.g., Stock, Bond, Mutual Fund, ETF, Cryptocurrency, Derivative).
  • `ticker`: The stock ticker symbol or other unique identifier. Crucial for quick identification. Linking to a stock exchange is recommended.
  • `exchange`: The exchange where the instrument is traded (e.g., NYSE, NASDAQ, LSE).
  • `industry`: The industry sector to which the company belongs (e.g., Technology, Healthcare, Finance). Consider linking to related industry classifications.
  • `key_people`: Key individuals associated with the entity (e.g., CEO, CFO, Founders).
  • `founded`: The date the company was founded. Use the `
  1. Template:Start date

Template:Start date is a MediaWiki template designed to display a date in a standardized, human-readable format, particularly useful for indicating the start date of events, projects, or periods within a wiki. This article provides a comprehensive guide to understanding, using, and customizing the `Template:Start date` template for beginners. It will cover its purpose, parameters, examples, potential issues, and related templates. This template is invaluable for maintaining consistency when documenting timelines and historical data.

Purpose

The primary purpose of `Template:Start date` is to consistently format dates across a wiki. Without a standardized template, dates might appear in various formats (e.g., January 1, 2023, 1/1/2023, 2023-01-01), leading to visual clutter and potential confusion. This template ensures that all start dates are displayed in a uniform manner, enhancing readability and professionalism. It’s particularly useful for projects that involve tracking timelines, historical events, or scheduled activities. Effective date formatting is crucial for data integrity and usability, especially when dealing with Time series analysis.

Basic Usage

The simplest way to use the template is to provide a date in YYYY-MM-DD format. The template will then automatically format it into a more readable format, typically "January 1, 2023".

```wiki Template loop detected: Template:Start date ```

This will output:

January 1, 2023

Parameters

The `Template:Start date` template accepts several parameters to customize the output. Here's a breakdown of each parameter:

  • 1 (Date): This is the *required* parameter. It represents the start date in YYYY-MM-DD format. For example, `2023-12-25` represents December 25, 2023. Incorrectly formatted dates will likely result in errors or unexpected output.
  • format: (Optional) This parameter allows you to specify a custom date format using PHP's `date()` function format codes. This provides a high degree of flexibility. For example, `format=d.m.Y` would output "25.12.2023". Refer to the PHP date() function documentation for a complete list of format codes. Using custom formats requires a good understanding of these codes.
  • month: (Optional) This parameter allows you to explicitly specify the month name. This is useful if you want to override the template's automatic month detection, perhaps for localization or specific stylistic requirements. Accepts the month name as a string (e.g., `month=December`).
  • day: (Optional) This parameter allows you to explicitly specify the day of the month. Similar to 'month', this overrides the template's automatic day detection. Accepts the day as a string (e.g., `day=25`).
  • year: (Optional) This parameter allows you to explicitly specify the year. Overrides the template's automatic year detection. Accepts the year as a string (e.g., `year=2023`).
  • hideyear: (Optional) A boolean parameter (true/false) that controls whether the year is displayed. If set to `true`, the year will be omitted. Default is `false` (year is displayed). Example: `hideyear=true`. This can be useful when the context clearly implies the year.
  • showfullmonth: (Optional) A boolean parameter (true/false) that determines whether the full month name is displayed. If set to `true`, "January" will be displayed instead of "Jan". Default is `false`. Example: `showfullmonth=true`.
  • link: (Optional) A boolean parameter (true/false) that determines whether the date is linked to a corresponding page (e.g., a page for that specific date). Default is `false`. Example: `link=true`. This is helpful for creating navigable timelines.
  • separator: (Optional) Allows you to change the separator character between the day, month and year. Default is a comma and a space (", "). Example: `separator=.` will output the date with a period as a separator.

Examples

Here are some examples demonstrating how to use the template with different parameters:

  • Basic Usage:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March 15, 2024
  • Custom Format:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: 15/03/2024
  • Hiding the Year:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March 15
  • Showing the Full Month Name:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March 15, 2024 (No change in this case, as the default behaviour is often to use the full month name)
  • Linking the Date:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March 15, 2024 (Assuming a page exists for "March 15, 2024")
  • Combining Parameters:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March 15, 2024 (The format parameter will be overridden by hideyear)
  • Using a custom separator:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March.15.2024

Potential Issues and Troubleshooting

  • Incorrect Date Format: The most common issue is providing the date in a format other than YYYY-MM-DD. Ensure the date is entered correctly.
  • Invalid Format Codes: If using the `format` parameter, ensure the format codes are valid PHP `date()` function codes. Incorrect codes will result in errors or unexpected output. Consult the PHP date() function documentation.
  • Missing Pages for Linked Dates: If the `link` parameter is set to `true`, but the corresponding date page does not exist, the output will be a red link. Create the page to resolve this.
  • Template Conflicts: Rarely, conflicts can occur if other templates or extensions modify the output of this template. If this happens, investigate the interaction between the templates and extensions.
  • Localization: The default output is in English. For wikis using other languages, consider using the `month` parameter to specify the month name in the desired language or exploring localization extensions. This is related to Localization strategies.

Related Templates

Several other templates complement `Template:Start date` and provide related functionality:

  • Template:End date: Displays an end date in a standardized format. Often used in conjunction with `Template:Start date` to define a period.
  • Template:Duration: Calculates and displays the duration between a start and end date.
  • Template:Date: A more general-purpose date formatting template, offering more options than `Template:Start date`.
  • Template:Now: Displays the current date and time.
  • Template:Age: Calculates and displays the age based on a birth date.
  • Template:Timeline: Creates visual timelines based on a series of dates.
  • Template:Event timeline: Similar to timeline, but optimized for event-based timelines.
  • Template:Year: Displays only the year from a given date.
  • Template:Month: Displays only the month from a given date.
  • Template:Day: Displays only the day from a given date.

Advanced Usage and Customization

For more advanced users, the `Template:Start date` template can be extended and customized through the use of parser functions and Lua modules. This allows for more complex date calculations, conditional formatting, and integration with other wiki features. For example, you could use parser functions to dynamically determine whether a date falls within a specific range or to display different text based on the date. This involves a deeper understanding of MediaWiki's template system and programming languages like Lua. Consider studying MediaWiki extension development for more complex customizations.

Best Practices

  • Consistency: Always use `Template:Start date` (or a similar standardized template) for all start dates in your wiki.
  • YYYY-MM-DD Format: Provide the date in YYYY-MM-DD format to ensure correct parsing.
  • Use Parameters Wisely: Only use the optional parameters when necessary to customize the output. Avoid unnecessary complexity.
  • Test Thoroughly: After making changes to the template or its usage, test thoroughly to ensure the output is as expected.
  • Document Your Changes: If you modify the template, document your changes clearly for future maintainers.
  • Consider Accessibility: Ensure the date format is accessible to users with disabilities. Use clear and concise language.
  • Understand Date Interpretation: Be mindful of regional differences in date interpretation (e.g., MM/DD/YYYY vs. DD/MM/YYYY) and choose a format that is unambiguous for your target audience. This is relevant to Global market analysis.

Further Resources

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  • `country`: The country of origin or primary operation.
  • `website`: The official website URL.
  • `revenue`: The total revenue generated (e.g., USD 1.2 billion). Use the `Template:Money` template for currency formatting.
  • `net_income`: The net income or profit. Use the `Template:Money` template.
  • `assets`: The total assets of the company. Use the `Template:Money` template.
  • `equity`: The total equity. Use the `Template:Money` template.
  • `employees`: The number of employees.
  • `div_yield`: The dividend yield (as a percentage).
  • `market_cap`: The market capitalization. Use the `Template:Money` template.
  • `issue_date`: (For bonds and other fixed-income instruments) The date the instrument was issued.
  • `maturity_date`: (For bonds) The date the instrument matures.
  • `coupon_rate`: (For bonds) The coupon rate.
  • `rating`: (For bonds) Credit rating (e.g., AAA, BB+).

This is not an exhaustive list, and the `Infobox finance` template supports many other parameters, depending on the specific type of financial subject being described. Refer to the template's documentation page for a complete list.

Implementing the Template: A Step-by-Step Guide

Let's illustrate how to use the `Infobox finance` template with an example – Apple Inc. (AAPL).

1. **Access the Template:** In your MediaWiki article, simply type `{{Infobox finance` at the beginning of the infobox section.

2. **Populate the Parameters:** Add the relevant parameters and their corresponding values, one per line. For Apple:

```wiki Template loop detected: Template:Infobox finance ```

3. **Preview and Adjust:** Use the "Show preview" button to see how the infobox looks. Adjust the parameters as needed to ensure accuracy and completeness.

4. **Save the Article:** Once you are satisfied with the infobox, save the article.

The resulting infobox will display a neatly formatted summary of Apple Inc.'s key financial information.

Advanced Customization and Considerations

  • **Conditional Parameters:** The `Infobox finance` template supports conditional parameters, allowing you to display certain fields only when relevant. This is useful for instruments like bonds, where parameters like `issue_date` and `maturity_date` only apply.
  • **Template Modules:** For complex scenarios, you can leverage template modules to create reusable components within the infobox.
  • **Currency Formatting:** Always use the `Template:Money` template to format currency values consistently. This ensures proper display of currency symbols and decimal separators.
  • **Date Formatting:** Use the `
  1. Template:Start date

Template:Start date is a MediaWiki template designed to display a date in a standardized, human-readable format, particularly useful for indicating the start date of events, projects, or periods within a wiki. This article provides a comprehensive guide to understanding, using, and customizing the `Template:Start date` template for beginners. It will cover its purpose, parameters, examples, potential issues, and related templates. This template is invaluable for maintaining consistency when documenting timelines and historical data.

Purpose

The primary purpose of `Template:Start date` is to consistently format dates across a wiki. Without a standardized template, dates might appear in various formats (e.g., January 1, 2023, 1/1/2023, 2023-01-01), leading to visual clutter and potential confusion. This template ensures that all start dates are displayed in a uniform manner, enhancing readability and professionalism. It’s particularly useful for projects that involve tracking timelines, historical events, or scheduled activities. Effective date formatting is crucial for data integrity and usability, especially when dealing with Time series analysis.

Basic Usage

The simplest way to use the template is to provide a date in YYYY-MM-DD format. The template will then automatically format it into a more readable format, typically "January 1, 2023".

```wiki Template loop detected: Template:Start date ```

This will output:

January 1, 2023

Parameters

The `Template:Start date` template accepts several parameters to customize the output. Here's a breakdown of each parameter:

  • 1 (Date): This is the *required* parameter. It represents the start date in YYYY-MM-DD format. For example, `2023-12-25` represents December 25, 2023. Incorrectly formatted dates will likely result in errors or unexpected output.
  • format: (Optional) This parameter allows you to specify a custom date format using PHP's `date()` function format codes. This provides a high degree of flexibility. For example, `format=d.m.Y` would output "25.12.2023". Refer to the PHP date() function documentation for a complete list of format codes. Using custom formats requires a good understanding of these codes.
  • month: (Optional) This parameter allows you to explicitly specify the month name. This is useful if you want to override the template's automatic month detection, perhaps for localization or specific stylistic requirements. Accepts the month name as a string (e.g., `month=December`).
  • day: (Optional) This parameter allows you to explicitly specify the day of the month. Similar to 'month', this overrides the template's automatic day detection. Accepts the day as a string (e.g., `day=25`).
  • year: (Optional) This parameter allows you to explicitly specify the year. Overrides the template's automatic year detection. Accepts the year as a string (e.g., `year=2023`).
  • hideyear: (Optional) A boolean parameter (true/false) that controls whether the year is displayed. If set to `true`, the year will be omitted. Default is `false` (year is displayed). Example: `hideyear=true`. This can be useful when the context clearly implies the year.
  • showfullmonth: (Optional) A boolean parameter (true/false) that determines whether the full month name is displayed. If set to `true`, "January" will be displayed instead of "Jan". Default is `false`. Example: `showfullmonth=true`.
  • link: (Optional) A boolean parameter (true/false) that determines whether the date is linked to a corresponding page (e.g., a page for that specific date). Default is `false`. Example: `link=true`. This is helpful for creating navigable timelines.
  • separator: (Optional) Allows you to change the separator character between the day, month and year. Default is a comma and a space (", "). Example: `separator=.` will output the date with a period as a separator.

Examples

Here are some examples demonstrating how to use the template with different parameters:

  • Basic Usage:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March 15, 2024
  • Custom Format:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: 15/03/2024
  • Hiding the Year:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March 15
  • Showing the Full Month Name:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March 15, 2024 (No change in this case, as the default behaviour is often to use the full month name)
  • Linking the Date:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March 15, 2024 (Assuming a page exists for "March 15, 2024")
  • Combining Parameters:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March 15, 2024 (The format parameter will be overridden by hideyear)
  • Using a custom separator:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March.15.2024

Potential Issues and Troubleshooting

  • Incorrect Date Format: The most common issue is providing the date in a format other than YYYY-MM-DD. Ensure the date is entered correctly.
  • Invalid Format Codes: If using the `format` parameter, ensure the format codes are valid PHP `date()` function codes. Incorrect codes will result in errors or unexpected output. Consult the PHP date() function documentation.
  • Missing Pages for Linked Dates: If the `link` parameter is set to `true`, but the corresponding date page does not exist, the output will be a red link. Create the page to resolve this.
  • Template Conflicts: Rarely, conflicts can occur if other templates or extensions modify the output of this template. If this happens, investigate the interaction between the templates and extensions.
  • Localization: The default output is in English. For wikis using other languages, consider using the `month` parameter to specify the month name in the desired language or exploring localization extensions. This is related to Localization strategies.

Related Templates

Several other templates complement `Template:Start date` and provide related functionality:

  • Template:End date: Displays an end date in a standardized format. Often used in conjunction with `Template:Start date` to define a period.
  • Template:Duration: Calculates and displays the duration between a start and end date.
  • Template:Date: A more general-purpose date formatting template, offering more options than `Template:Start date`.
  • Template:Now: Displays the current date and time.
  • Template:Age: Calculates and displays the age based on a birth date.
  • Template:Timeline: Creates visual timelines based on a series of dates.
  • Template:Event timeline: Similar to timeline, but optimized for event-based timelines.
  • Template:Year: Displays only the year from a given date.
  • Template:Month: Displays only the month from a given date.
  • Template:Day: Displays only the day from a given date.

Advanced Usage and Customization

For more advanced users, the `Template:Start date` template can be extended and customized through the use of parser functions and Lua modules. This allows for more complex date calculations, conditional formatting, and integration with other wiki features. For example, you could use parser functions to dynamically determine whether a date falls within a specific range or to display different text based on the date. This involves a deeper understanding of MediaWiki's template system and programming languages like Lua. Consider studying MediaWiki extension development for more complex customizations.

Best Practices

  • Consistency: Always use `Template:Start date` (or a similar standardized template) for all start dates in your wiki.
  • YYYY-MM-DD Format: Provide the date in YYYY-MM-DD format to ensure correct parsing.
  • Use Parameters Wisely: Only use the optional parameters when necessary to customize the output. Avoid unnecessary complexity.
  • Test Thoroughly: After making changes to the template or its usage, test thoroughly to ensure the output is as expected.
  • Document Your Changes: If you modify the template, document your changes clearly for future maintainers.
  • Consider Accessibility: Ensure the date format is accessible to users with disabilities. Use clear and concise language.
  • Understand Date Interpretation: Be mindful of regional differences in date interpretation (e.g., MM/DD/YYYY vs. DD/MM/YYYY) and choose a format that is unambiguous for your target audience. This is relevant to Global market analysis.

Further Resources

Start Trading Now

Sign up at IQ Option (Minimum deposit $10) Open an account at Pocket Option (Minimum deposit $5)

Join Our Community

Subscribe to our Telegram channel @strategybin to receive: ✓ Daily trading signals ✓ Exclusive strategy analysis ✓ Market trend alerts ✓ Educational materials for beginners` template for dates to ensure consistent formatting.

  • **Linking:** Link key terms to relevant articles within the wiki. This enhances navigation and provides readers with additional context. For example, link to Financial statement, Valuation, Technical Analysis, and Fundamental Analysis.
  • **Accuracy:** Ensure the information in the infobox is accurate and up-to-date. Cite reliable sources for all data.
  • **Maintainability:** Keep the infobox concise and focused on essential information. Avoid including overly detailed or irrelevant data.

Common Use Cases and Examples

  • **Stocks:** Display ticker symbol, exchange, industry, market capitalization, revenue, net income, dividend yield, and key people.
  • **Bonds:** Include issue date, maturity date, coupon rate, credit rating, and yield to maturity.
  • **Mutual Funds & ETFs:** Show fund manager, expense ratio, top holdings, and performance data.
  • **Cryptocurrencies:** Display market capitalization, circulating supply, total supply, and exchange listings.
  • **Financial Events:** Summarize the key details of events like mergers, acquisitions, and bankruptcies.
  • **Financial Concepts:** Provide a concise overview of concepts like arbitrage, hedging, and risk management.

Troubleshooting and Common Issues

  • **Infobox Not Rendering:** Check for syntax errors in the template call. Ensure all required parameters are present.
  • **Incorrect Formatting:** Verify that you are using the correct templates for currency and date formatting (`Template:Money`, `
  1. Template:Start date

Template:Start date is a MediaWiki template designed to display a date in a standardized, human-readable format, particularly useful for indicating the start date of events, projects, or periods within a wiki. This article provides a comprehensive guide to understanding, using, and customizing the `Template:Start date` template for beginners. It will cover its purpose, parameters, examples, potential issues, and related templates. This template is invaluable for maintaining consistency when documenting timelines and historical data.

Purpose

The primary purpose of `Template:Start date` is to consistently format dates across a wiki. Without a standardized template, dates might appear in various formats (e.g., January 1, 2023, 1/1/2023, 2023-01-01), leading to visual clutter and potential confusion. This template ensures that all start dates are displayed in a uniform manner, enhancing readability and professionalism. It’s particularly useful for projects that involve tracking timelines, historical events, or scheduled activities. Effective date formatting is crucial for data integrity and usability, especially when dealing with Time series analysis.

Basic Usage

The simplest way to use the template is to provide a date in YYYY-MM-DD format. The template will then automatically format it into a more readable format, typically "January 1, 2023".

```wiki Template loop detected: Template:Start date ```

This will output:

January 1, 2023

Parameters

The `Template:Start date` template accepts several parameters to customize the output. Here's a breakdown of each parameter:

  • 1 (Date): This is the *required* parameter. It represents the start date in YYYY-MM-DD format. For example, `2023-12-25` represents December 25, 2023. Incorrectly formatted dates will likely result in errors or unexpected output.
  • format: (Optional) This parameter allows you to specify a custom date format using PHP's `date()` function format codes. This provides a high degree of flexibility. For example, `format=d.m.Y` would output "25.12.2023". Refer to the PHP date() function documentation for a complete list of format codes. Using custom formats requires a good understanding of these codes.
  • month: (Optional) This parameter allows you to explicitly specify the month name. This is useful if you want to override the template's automatic month detection, perhaps for localization or specific stylistic requirements. Accepts the month name as a string (e.g., `month=December`).
  • day: (Optional) This parameter allows you to explicitly specify the day of the month. Similar to 'month', this overrides the template's automatic day detection. Accepts the day as a string (e.g., `day=25`).
  • year: (Optional) This parameter allows you to explicitly specify the year. Overrides the template's automatic year detection. Accepts the year as a string (e.g., `year=2023`).
  • hideyear: (Optional) A boolean parameter (true/false) that controls whether the year is displayed. If set to `true`, the year will be omitted. Default is `false` (year is displayed). Example: `hideyear=true`. This can be useful when the context clearly implies the year.
  • showfullmonth: (Optional) A boolean parameter (true/false) that determines whether the full month name is displayed. If set to `true`, "January" will be displayed instead of "Jan". Default is `false`. Example: `showfullmonth=true`.
  • link: (Optional) A boolean parameter (true/false) that determines whether the date is linked to a corresponding page (e.g., a page for that specific date). Default is `false`. Example: `link=true`. This is helpful for creating navigable timelines.
  • separator: (Optional) Allows you to change the separator character between the day, month and year. Default is a comma and a space (", "). Example: `separator=.` will output the date with a period as a separator.

Examples

Here are some examples demonstrating how to use the template with different parameters:

  • Basic Usage:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March 15, 2024
  • Custom Format:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: 15/03/2024
  • Hiding the Year:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March 15
  • Showing the Full Month Name:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March 15, 2024 (No change in this case, as the default behaviour is often to use the full month name)
  • Linking the Date:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March 15, 2024 (Assuming a page exists for "March 15, 2024")
  • Combining Parameters:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March 15, 2024 (The format parameter will be overridden by hideyear)
  • Using a custom separator:
   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Start date
   ```
   Output: March.15.2024

Potential Issues and Troubleshooting

  • Incorrect Date Format: The most common issue is providing the date in a format other than YYYY-MM-DD. Ensure the date is entered correctly.
  • Invalid Format Codes: If using the `format` parameter, ensure the format codes are valid PHP `date()` function codes. Incorrect codes will result in errors or unexpected output. Consult the PHP date() function documentation.
  • Missing Pages for Linked Dates: If the `link` parameter is set to `true`, but the corresponding date page does not exist, the output will be a red link. Create the page to resolve this.
  • Template Conflicts: Rarely, conflicts can occur if other templates or extensions modify the output of this template. If this happens, investigate the interaction between the templates and extensions.
  • Localization: The default output is in English. For wikis using other languages, consider using the `month` parameter to specify the month name in the desired language or exploring localization extensions. This is related to Localization strategies.

Related Templates

Several other templates complement `Template:Start date` and provide related functionality:

  • Template:End date: Displays an end date in a standardized format. Often used in conjunction with `Template:Start date` to define a period.
  • Template:Duration: Calculates and displays the duration between a start and end date.
  • Template:Date: A more general-purpose date formatting template, offering more options than `Template:Start date`.
  • Template:Now: Displays the current date and time.
  • Template:Age: Calculates and displays the age based on a birth date.
  • Template:Timeline: Creates visual timelines based on a series of dates.
  • Template:Event timeline: Similar to timeline, but optimized for event-based timelines.
  • Template:Year: Displays only the year from a given date.
  • Template:Month: Displays only the month from a given date.
  • Template:Day: Displays only the day from a given date.

Advanced Usage and Customization

For more advanced users, the `Template:Start date` template can be extended and customized through the use of parser functions and Lua modules. This allows for more complex date calculations, conditional formatting, and integration with other wiki features. For example, you could use parser functions to dynamically determine whether a date falls within a specific range or to display different text based on the date. This involves a deeper understanding of MediaWiki's template system and programming languages like Lua. Consider studying MediaWiki extension development for more complex customizations.

Best Practices

  • Consistency: Always use `Template:Start date` (or a similar standardized template) for all start dates in your wiki.
  • YYYY-MM-DD Format: Provide the date in YYYY-MM-DD format to ensure correct parsing.
  • Use Parameters Wisely: Only use the optional parameters when necessary to customize the output. Avoid unnecessary complexity.
  • Test Thoroughly: After making changes to the template or its usage, test thoroughly to ensure the output is as expected.
  • Document Your Changes: If you modify the template, document your changes clearly for future maintainers.
  • Consider Accessibility: Ensure the date format is accessible to users with disabilities. Use clear and concise language.
  • Understand Date Interpretation: Be mindful of regional differences in date interpretation (e.g., MM/DD/YYYY vs. DD/MM/YYYY) and choose a format that is unambiguous for your target audience. This is relevant to Global market analysis.

Further Resources

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  • **Image Not Displaying:** Ensure the image file exists and is accessible on the wiki. Check the filename and image size.
  • **Data Errors:** Double-check the accuracy of the data entered. Cite reliable sources.
  • **Template Conflicts:** If the infobox is not displaying correctly, there may be conflicts with other templates or code on the page. Try simplifying the page to isolate the issue.

Further Resources

  • **Template Documentation:** The official documentation page for `Infobox finance` is the best source of information: [1] (replace 'en' with your wiki's language code if necessary)
  • **MediaWiki Help:** The MediaWiki help pages provide detailed information on template syntax and usage: [2]
  • **Wikipedia Manual of Style:** The Wikipedia Manual of Style offers guidelines on formatting and content: [3]
  • **Financial Modeling Tutorials**: [4]
  • **Investopedia**: [5]
  • **TradingView**: [6] Offers charting and analysis tools.
  • **Babypips**: [7] Forex trading education.
  • **StockCharts.com**: [8] Technical analysis resources.
  • **Macrotrends**: [9] Long-term market data and trends.
  • **Understanding Bollinger Bands**: [10]
  • **Fibonacci Retracements Explained**: [11]
  • **Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD)**: [12]
  • **Relative Strength Index (RSI)**: [13]
  • **Candlestick Patterns**: [14]
  • **Elliott Wave Theory**: [15]
  • **Dow Theory**: [16]
  • **Head and Shoulders Pattern**: [17]
  • **Double Top and Double Bottom**: [18]
  • **Triangle Pattern**: [19]
  • **Gap Analysis**: [20]
  • **Volume Analysis**: [21]
  • **Support and Resistance Levels**: [22]
  • **Breakout Trading**: [23]
  • **Trend Following**: [24]
  • **Mean Reversion**: [25]

By following these guidelines, you can effectively utilize the `Infobox finance` template to create informative and visually appealing articles on financial topics. Remember to prioritize accuracy, consistency, and clarity.

Template:Infobox

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The Markowitz Model, also known as Mean-Variance Optimization, is a mathematical formulation for assembling a portfolio of assets in such a way that expected return is maximized for a given level of risk, or risk is minimized for a given level of expected return. Developed by Nobel laureate Harry Markowitz in 1952, it’s a cornerstone of Modern Portfolio Theory and remains a fundamental concept in investment management. This article provides a comprehensive introduction to the model, its assumptions, calculations, limitations, and practical applications.

History and Development

Prior to Markowitz's work, portfolio construction was often based on intuition and simple rules of thumb. Investors might diversify by simply holding a variety of stocks, but without a rigorous mathematical framework to determine the optimal allocation. Markowitz’s groundbreaking contribution was to quantify risk and return, and to demonstrate how diversification could reduce portfolio risk without sacrificing returns. His 1952 paper, "Portfolio Selection," laid the foundation for a scientific approach to investment management. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1990 for this work. The model was further developed and popularized through the work of other prominent figures, including William Sharpe, Jack Treynor, John Lintner, and Jan Mossin, contributing significantly to the development of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM).

Core Concepts

At the heart of the Markowitz Model are several key concepts:

  • Return: The expected profit or loss on an investment, typically expressed as a percentage. This is often estimated based on historical data, analyst forecasts, or fundamental analysis. Understanding Technical Analysis can help refine these expectations.
  • Risk: In the Markowitz Model, risk is defined as the volatility of returns, measured by the standard deviation of returns. Higher standard deviation implies greater uncertainty and, therefore, greater risk. Concepts like Volatility and Beta are crucial for understanding and quantifying risk.
  • Correlation: A statistical measure of how two assets move in relation to each other. A correlation of +1 means the assets move perfectly in the same direction, 0 means they move independently, and -1 means they move perfectly in opposite directions. Correlation Analysis is vital for effective portfolio diversification.
  • Efficient Frontier: The set of portfolios that offer the highest expected return for a given level of risk, or the lowest risk for a given level of expected return. Portfolios below the efficient frontier are considered suboptimal because they offer either lower returns for the same risk, or higher risk for the same return.
  • Risk Aversion: Investors generally prefer higher returns and lower risk. The degree to which an investor dislikes risk is known as their risk aversion. This influences their optimal portfolio allocation. Understanding different Investor Profiles is key to tailoring portfolio strategies.

Mathematical Formulation

The Markowitz Model uses mathematical optimization to find the portfolio weights that achieve the desired risk-return trade-off. The core equations are as follows:

  • Expected Portfolio Return (Rp):
  Rp = Σ (wi * Ri)
  Where:
  * wi = Weight of asset i in the portfolio
  * Ri = Expected return of asset i
  * Σ = Summation across all assets in the portfolio
  • Portfolio Variance (σp²): This represents the portfolio's risk.
  σp² = Σ Σ (wi * wj * σij)
  Where:
  * wi = Weight of asset i in the portfolio
  * wj = Weight of asset j in the portfolio
  * σij = Covariance between asset i and asset j (a measure of how their returns move together).  Covariance is directly related to correlation.

The goal of mean-variance optimization is to maximize Rp subject to a constraint on σp², or to minimize σp² subject to a constraint on Rp. This is typically solved using quadratic programming techniques. Software packages like Excel Solver, R, Python with libraries like SciPy, and dedicated portfolio optimization tools are commonly used. The use of Monte Carlo Simulation can also assist in assessing portfolio performance under various scenarios.

Steps in Applying the Markowitz Model

Applying the Markowitz Model involves several steps:

1. Estimate Expected Returns: This is arguably the most challenging step. Historical data can be used as a starting point, but it's important to consider that past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. Fundamental Analysis and Quantitative Analysis can provide additional insights. 2. Estimate Covariance Matrix: This requires calculating the covariance between the returns of each pair of assets in the potential portfolio. Historical data is typically used for this purpose. Accurate covariance estimates are crucial for effective diversification. Consider using Historical Volatility as a starting point. 3. Define Risk Tolerance: Determine the investor's risk aversion. This can be assessed through questionnaires or by discussing the investor's investment goals and time horizon. A more risk-averse investor will prefer a portfolio with lower risk, even if it means lower expected returns. 4. Optimization: Use an optimization algorithm to find the portfolio weights that maximize expected return for a given level of risk, or minimize risk for a given level of expected return. 5. Portfolio Allocation: Allocate capital to each asset according to the optimized portfolio weights. 6. Rebalancing: Periodically rebalance the portfolio to maintain the desired asset allocation. This involves selling assets that have increased in value and buying assets that have decreased in value. Dollar-Cost Averaging can be incorporated into the rebalancing strategy.

Example

Let's consider a simplified example with two assets:

  • Asset A: Expected Return = 10%, Standard Deviation = 15%
  • Asset B: Expected Return = 5%, Standard Deviation = 5%
  • Correlation between A and B = 0.5

Using the Markowitz Model, we can find the portfolio weights that minimize risk for a given expected return. For instance, if the investor desires an expected return of 8%, the optimization process will determine the optimal weights for Asset A and Asset B. The result might be something like:

  • Weight in Asset A: 60%
  • Weight in Asset B: 40%

This portfolio will have a lower standard deviation (risk) than simply investing in Asset A alone, demonstrating the benefits of diversification. Tools like Portfolio Visualizer can help demonstrate this concretely.

Limitations of the Markowitz Model

Despite its significance, the Markowitz Model has several limitations:

  • Sensitivity to Inputs: The model is highly sensitive to the estimated expected returns, standard deviations, and correlations. Small changes in these inputs can lead to large changes in the optimal portfolio allocation. "Garbage in, garbage out" applies strongly here.
  • Historical Data Dependency: The model relies heavily on historical data, which may not be representative of future market conditions. Market Regime Shifts can render historical correlations unreliable.
  • Assumption of Normal Distribution: The model assumes that asset returns are normally distributed. However, real-world returns often exhibit fat tails and skewness, meaning that extreme events are more likely to occur than the normal distribution predicts. Black Swan Theory highlights this risk.
  • Estimation Error: Estimating expected returns and covariance matrices accurately is difficult, and estimation errors can significantly impact the model's results.
  • Transaction Costs and Taxes: The model does not explicitly account for transaction costs and taxes, which can reduce the actual returns achieved. Algorithmic Trading can help minimize these costs.
  • Static Model: The model is static, meaning that it assumes that the inputs (expected returns, standard deviations, and correlations) remain constant over time. In reality, these inputs are constantly changing. Dynamic Asset Allocation addresses this limitation.
  • Difficulty with Complex Assets: Applying the model to complex assets, such as options or real estate, can be challenging due to the difficulty of estimating their expected returns and risk characteristics.

Extensions and Alternatives

Several extensions and alternatives to the Markowitz Model have been developed to address its limitations:

  • Black-Litterman Model: This model combines market equilibrium returns with the investor's views on specific assets, resulting in more stable and realistic portfolio allocations.
  • Resampled Efficiency: This technique involves repeatedly resampling the historical data and running the optimization process multiple times, resulting in a more robust portfolio allocation.
  • Robust Optimization: This approach aims to find portfolios that are less sensitive to changes in the input parameters.
  • Factor Models: These models use a smaller number of factors (e.g., market risk, size, value) to explain asset returns, simplifying the optimization process. Fama-French Three-Factor Model is a well-known example.
  • Post-Modern Portfolio Theory (PMPT): This approach incorporates concepts like downside risk and liquidity preferences into the optimization process. Understanding Risk Parity is relevant here.
  • Machine Learning Techniques: Increasingly, machine learning algorithms are being used to forecast returns and estimate correlations, potentially improving the accuracy of portfolio optimization. Artificial Neural Networks are being explored for this purpose.

Practical Applications

Despite its limitations, the Markowitz Model remains a widely used tool in investment management. It's used by:

  • Portfolio Managers: To construct and manage diversified portfolios for individual and institutional clients.
  • Financial Advisors: To develop customized investment strategies for their clients.
  • Pension Funds and Endowments: To manage their large investment portfolios.
  • Hedge Funds: To implement sophisticated trading strategies.
  • Retail Investors: Increasingly, online tools and robo-advisors are making the Markowitz Model accessible to individual investors. Consider exploring Robo-Advisors for automated portfolio management.

The principles of the Markowitz Model are also applied in other areas of finance, such as Capital Budgeting and Risk Management. Learning about Value at Risk (VaR) and Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) provides complementary risk management techniques.



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