Atlassian Git Tutorial

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  1. Atlassian Git Tutorial
    1. Introduction

This tutorial provides a comprehensive introduction to using Git with Atlassian products, specifically Bitbucket. While Git is a powerful version control system usable with numerous platforms, this guide focuses on the common workflow and features you'll encounter when integrating it with Bitbucket for collaborative software development. This is geared towards beginners, assuming little to no prior experience with version control systems. We'll cover essential concepts, commands, and best practices to get you started. Understanding Version Control is fundamental to modern software development.

    1. What is Git?

Git is a distributed version control system. What does that mean?

  • **Version Control:** It tracks changes to files over time, allowing you to revert to previous versions, compare differences, and collaborate effectively with others. Think of it like a "save game" feature for your code.
  • **Distributed:** Every developer has a complete copy of the project's history on their local machine. This allows for offline work and faster operations, as many actions don’t require a connection to a central server.

Without Git (or a similar system), managing changes in a codebase, especially in a team, quickly becomes chaotic and prone to errors. Imagine trying to merge changes from multiple developers working on the same file simultaneously without a system to manage conflicts – it's a nightmare! Collaboration is significantly improved with Git.

    1. Why Use Git with Bitbucket?

Bitbucket is a web-based Git repository hosting service developed by Atlassian. It offers a range of features that enhance the Git workflow:

  • **Centralized Repository:** Bitbucket provides a secure and reliable place to store your Git repositories.
  • **Collaboration Tools:** Features like pull requests, issue tracking, and code review streamline teamwork.
  • **Access Control:** You can control who has access to your repositories and what permissions they have.
  • **Integration with other Atlassian Tools:** Seamlessly integrates with Jira (for issue tracking), Confluence (for documentation), and Trello (for project management). Project Management benefits greatly from this integration.
  • **CI/CD Pipelines:** Bitbucket Pipelines allows you to automate builds, tests, and deployments.
  • **Branching Strategies:** Facilitates the use of effective branching strategies like Gitflow and GitHub Flow (more on these later). Branching Strategies are critical for managing development workflows.
    1. Basic Git Concepts

Before diving into commands, let's define some key terms:

  • **Repository (Repo):** A container for your project, including all its files and version history. There are local repositories (on your machine) and remote repositories (like those hosted on Bitbucket).
  • **Commit:** A snapshot of your changes at a specific point in time. Each commit has a unique identifier (SHA-1 hash).
  • **Branch:** A parallel version of your project. Branches allow you to work on new features or bug fixes without affecting the main codebase.
  • **Merge:** The process of combining changes from one branch into another.
  • **Clone:** Creating a local copy of a remote repository.
  • **Push:** Uploading your local commits to a remote repository.
  • **Pull:** Downloading changes from a remote repository to your local machine.
  • **Staging Area (Index):** A temporary holding area for changes you intend to commit.
  • **Working Directory:** The directory on your computer where you're actively working on the project files.
    1. Setting Up Git and Bitbucket

1. **Install Git:** Download and install Git from [1](https://git-scm.com/downloads). Follow the installation instructions for your operating system. 2. **Create a Bitbucket Account:** Sign up for a free Bitbucket account at [2](https://bitbucket.org/). 3. **Configure Git:** Open your terminal or command prompt and configure your Git username and email address: 

  ```bash
  git config --global user.name "Your Name"
  git config --global user.email "your.email@example.com"
  ```

4. **Generate an SSH Key (Recommended):** SSH keys provide a more secure way to authenticate with Bitbucket. Follow Bitbucket's instructions for generating and adding an SSH key: [3](https://support.atlassian.com/bitbucket/docs/set-up-ssh/)

    1. Basic Git Commands

Let's learn some essential Git commands:

  • **`git init`**: Initializes a new Git repository in the current directory.
  • **`git clone <repository_url>`**: Creates a local copy of a remote repository. Example: `git clone https://bitbucket.org/yourusername/yourrepository.git`
  • **`git status`**: Shows the status of your working directory and staging area. It tells you which files have been modified, staged, or are untracked.
  • **`git add <file>`**: Adds a file to the staging area. You can use `git add .` to stage all changes in the current directory.
  • **`git commit -m "Your commit message"`**: Creates a new commit with the staged changes. *Always* write clear and concise commit messages.
  • **`git push origin <branch_name>`**: Uploads your local commits to the remote repository on the specified branch. `origin` is typically the default name for your remote repository.
  • **`git pull origin <branch_name>`**: Downloads changes from the remote repository and merges them into your current branch.
  • **`git branch`**: Lists all local branches.
  • **`git branch <branch_name>`**: Creates a new branch.
  • **`git checkout <branch_name>`**: Switches to the specified branch. You can use `git checkout -b <branch_name>` to create and switch to a new branch in one step.
  • **`git merge <branch_name>`**: Merges the specified branch into your current branch.
  • **`git log`**: Displays the commit history of the current branch. `git log --oneline` provides a more concise view.
  • **`git diff`**: Shows the differences between your working directory and the staging area, or between the staging area and the last commit. `git diff <file>` shows the differences for a specific file.
    1. A Typical Git Workflow with Bitbucket

1. **Clone the Repository:** `git clone <repository_url>` 2. **Create a Branch:** `git checkout -b feature/new-feature` (Replace `feature/new-feature` with a descriptive branch name). Consider a Trading Strategy when naming your branches if related to a new trading algorithm. 3. **Make Changes:** Edit your files. 4. **Stage Changes:** `git add .` 5. **Commit Changes:** `git commit -m "Implement new feature"` 6. **Push Changes:** `git push origin feature/new-feature` 7. **Create a Pull Request:** In Bitbucket, create a pull request from your feature branch to the main branch (usually `main` or `master`). 8. **Code Review:** Collaborators review your code and provide feedback. 9. **Address Feedback:** Make any necessary changes based on the feedback, commit them, and push them to your branch. The pull request will automatically update. 10. **Merge the Pull Request:** Once the code review is complete and approved, merge the pull request into the main branch. 11. **Delete the Branch:** After merging, delete the feature branch (both locally and remotely).

    1. Branching Strategies

Choosing the right branching strategy is crucial for effective collaboration and managing code complexity. Here are some popular options:

Understanding Risk Management is important when choosing and implementing branching strategies.

    1. Resolving Merge Conflicts

Merge conflicts occur when Git is unable to automatically merge changes from different branches. This typically happens when the same lines of code have been modified in both branches. Here's how to resolve them:

1. **Identify Conflicts:** Git will mark conflicting sections in the affected files with special markers: `<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>`. 2. **Edit the File:** Open the file in a text editor and carefully review the conflicting sections. Decide which changes to keep, modify, or combine. Remove the conflict markers (`<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>`) after resolving the conflict. 3. **Stage the Resolved File:** `git add <file>` 4. **Commit the Changes:** `git commit -m "Resolve merge conflict"`

    1. Advanced Git Concepts
  • **Rebasing:** An alternative to merging that rewrites the commit history. Use with caution, as it can alter the commit SHA-1 hashes.
  • **Cherry-picking:** Selecting specific commits from one branch and applying them to another.
  • **Stashing:** Temporarily saving changes that you don't want to commit yet.
  • **Tags:** Marking specific commits as important milestones (e.g., releases).
  • **Submodules:** Including other Git repositories within your project.
  • **Ignoring Files:** Using a `.gitignore` file to exclude files and directories from version control (e.g., build artifacts, temporary files). This is crucial for maintaining a clean repository.
    1. Resources for Further Learning
    1. Conclusion

This tutorial has provided a foundation for using Git with Bitbucket. Practice these commands and concepts, and explore the resources linked above to deepen your understanding. Mastering Git is an invaluable skill for any software developer, and will greatly enhance your ability to collaborate and manage your projects effectively. Remember to always commit frequently, write clear commit messages, and utilize branching strategies to maintain a clean and organized codebase. Software Development relies heavily on these principles.

Debugging often involves using Git to revert to previous working states.

Testing should be integrated into your Git workflow to ensure code quality.

Documentation is also important and should be version controlled with Git.

Security considerations should always be a priority when using Git and Bitbucket.

Continuous Integration is greatly facilitated by Git and Bitbucket Pipelines.

Deployment can be automated using Git hooks and Bitbucket Pipelines.

Refactoring should be done using branches to isolate changes.

Code Review is an essential part of the Git workflow.

Agile Development often uses Git and Bitbucket for managing sprints and releases.

Data Analysis can benefit from version controlling scripts and data sets with Git.

Machine Learning projects also utilize Git for tracking model versions and code changes.

Web Development relies heavily on Git for managing website code.

Mobile Development also uses Git for version control.

Database Management can be integrated with Git using schema migration tools.

DevOps practices are heavily reliant on Git and version control systems.

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