Signalling System 7 (SS7)

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  1. REDIRECT Signalling System No. 7

Introduction

The Template:Short description is an essential MediaWiki template designed to provide concise summaries and descriptions for MediaWiki pages. This template plays an important role in organizing and displaying information on pages related to subjects such as Binary Options, IQ Option, and Pocket Option among others. In this article, we will explore the purpose and utilization of the Template:Short description, with practical examples and a step-by-step guide for beginners. In addition, this article will provide detailed links to pages about Binary Options Trading, including practical examples from Register at IQ Option and Open an account at Pocket Option.

Purpose and Overview

The Template:Short description is used to present a brief, clear description of a page's subject. It helps in managing content and makes navigation easier for readers seeking information about topics such as Binary Options, Trading Platforms, and Binary Option Strategies. The template is particularly useful in SEO as it improves the way your page is indexed, and it supports the overall clarity of your MediaWiki site.

Structure and Syntax

Below is an example of how to format the short description template on a MediaWiki page for a binary options trading article:

Parameter Description
Description A brief description of the content of the page.
Example Template:Short description: "Binary Options Trading: Simple strategies for beginners."

The above table shows the parameters available for Template:Short description. It is important to use this template consistently across all pages to ensure uniformity in the site structure.

Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners

Here is a numbered list of steps explaining how to create and use the Template:Short description in your MediaWiki pages: 1. Create a new page by navigating to the special page for creating a template. 2. Define the template parameters as needed – usually a short text description regarding the page's topic. 3. Insert the template on the desired page with the proper syntax: Template loop detected: Template:Short description. Make sure to include internal links to related topics such as Binary Options Trading, Trading Strategies, and Finance. 4. Test your page to ensure that the short description displays correctly in search results and page previews. 5. Update the template as new information or changes in the site’s theme occur. This will help improve SEO and the overall user experience.

Practical Examples

Below are two specific examples where the Template:Short description can be applied on binary options trading pages:

Example: IQ Option Trading Guide

The IQ Option trading guide page may include the template as follows: Template loop detected: Template:Short description For those interested in starting their trading journey, visit Register at IQ Option for more details and live trading experiences.

Example: Pocket Option Trading Strategies

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Related Internal Links

Using the Template:Short description effectively involves linking to other related pages on your site. Some relevant internal pages include:

These internal links not only improve SEO but also enhance the navigability of your MediaWiki site, making it easier for beginners to explore correlated topics.

Recommendations and Practical Tips

To maximize the benefit of using Template:Short description on pages about binary options trading: 1. Always ensure that your descriptions are concise and directly relevant to the page content. 2. Include multiple internal links such as Binary Options, Binary Options Trading, and Trading Platforms to enhance SEO performance. 3. Regularly review and update your template to incorporate new keywords and strategies from the evolving world of binary options trading. 4. Utilize examples from reputable binary options trading platforms like IQ Option and Pocket Option to provide practical, real-world context. 5. Test your pages on different devices to ensure uniformity and readability.

Conclusion

The Template:Short description provides a powerful tool to improve the structure, organization, and SEO of MediaWiki pages, particularly for content related to binary options trading. Utilizing this template, along with proper internal linking to pages such as Binary Options Trading and incorporating practical examples from platforms like Register at IQ Option and Open an account at Pocket Option, you can effectively guide beginners through the process of binary options trading. Embrace the steps outlined and practical recommendations provided in this article for optimal performance on your MediaWiki platform.

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    • Financial Disclaimer**

The information provided herein is for informational purposes only and does not constitute financial advice. All content, opinions, and recommendations are provided for general informational purposes only and should not be construed as an offer or solicitation to buy or sell any financial instruments.

Any reliance you place on such information is strictly at your own risk. The author, its affiliates, and publishers shall not be liable for any loss or damage, including indirect, incidental, or consequential losses, arising from the use or reliance on the information provided.

Before making any financial decisions, you are strongly advised to consult with a qualified financial advisor and conduct your own research and due diligence.

  1. Template:Infobox technology

Template:Infobox technology is a standard MediaWiki template used to provide a concise, standardized summary of key information about a specific technology. It’s a crucial tool for maintaining consistency and readability across articles relating to technology on a wiki, allowing readers to quickly grasp the essential details of a subject. This article will provide a comprehensive guide to understanding, using, and customizing the Template:Infobox technology, geared towards beginners. It will cover its purpose, structure, available parameters, examples, advanced usage, troubleshooting, and best practices.

Purpose and Benefits

The primary purpose of the Infobox technology template is to present a structured overview of a technology within an article. This benefits both readers and editors in several ways:

  • Rapid Information Access: Readers can quickly find key facts about a technology without having to scan through large blocks of text.
  • Consistency: Ensures a uniform presentation of technology information across all articles, improving the overall user experience.
  • Organization: Forces editors to consider and provide standardized information, leading to more complete and well-rounded articles.
  • Navigation: Often includes links to related technologies or concepts, facilitating further exploration.
  • Visual Appeal: Breaks up text and adds a visually appealing element to the article.

Essentially, the infobox serves as a “snapshot” of the technology, providing a foundational understanding before delving into more detailed explanations. It's a cornerstone of effective infobox design and is vital for maintaining a high-quality wiki.

Structure and Parameters

The Infobox technology template is built around a set of predefined parameters. These parameters correspond to specific pieces of information that are commonly associated with technologies. Here’s a detailed breakdown of the key parameters, their descriptions, and examples. Note that parameter names are case-insensitive, but using consistent capitalization is good practice.

  • name (Required): The official name of the technology.
   *   Example: `name = Artificial Intelligence`
  • image (Optional): The filename of an image related to the technology. Use without the "File:" prefix.
   *   Example: `image = Ai-brain.png`
  • image_size (Optional): The width of the image in pixels. Defaults to 200px.
   *   Example: `image_size = 300px`
  • caption (Optional): A brief description of the image.
   *   Example: `caption = A visual representation of an AI neural network.`
  • developer (Optional): The individual(s) or organization(s) primarily responsible for developing the technology.
   *   Example: `developer = Geoffrey Hinton, Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio`
  • type (Optional): The broad category or type of technology. (e.g., Software, Hardware, Protocol).
   *   Example: `type = Software`
  • predecessor (Optional): The technology that preceded this one. Can link to another article.
   *   Example: `predecessor = Expert systems`
  • successor (Optional): The technology that followed this one. Can link to another article.
   *   Example: `successor = Deep learning`
  • first_release (Optional): The date of the first public release of the technology. Use the format YYYY-MM-DD.
   *   Example: `first_release = 1956-07-09`
  • status (Optional): The current status of the technology (e.g., Active, Discontinued, Experimental).
   *   Example: `status = Active`
  • website (Optional): The official website of the technology or its developing organization.
   *   Example: `website = https://www.deepmind.com/`
  • license (Optional): The licensing terms under which the technology is distributed.
   *   Example: `license = Apache License 2.0`
  • fields (Optional): The areas or industries where the technology is commonly applied. Can be a comma-separated list.
   *   Example: `fields = Healthcare, Finance, Automotive, Manufacturing`
  • description (Optional): A brief summary of the technology's function and purpose. This should be a concise overview.
   *   Example: `description = Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by computer systems.`
  • key_features (Optional): A bulleted list of the technology's core features. Use the `
    ` tag to create line breaks within the list.
   *   Example: `key_features = * Machine learning
* Natural language processing
* Computer vision`
  • related (Optional): Links to related technologies or concepts. Can be a comma-separated list of links.
   *   Example: `related = Machine learning, Data science, Robotics`
  • impact (Optional): A descriptive text of the impact of the technology.
   *   Example: `impact = AI is transforming industries by automating tasks, improving decision-making, and enabling new products and services.`

How to Use the Template

To use the Infobox technology template in an article, follow these steps:

1. Open the article you want to add the infobox to. 2. Insert the template code at the beginning of the article (usually after the lead paragraph). The basic structure is: 

   ```wiki
   Template loop detected: Template:Infobox technology
   ```

3. Fill in the parameters with the appropriate information for the technology you are describing. Remember that the `name` parameter is required. 4. Preview the article to ensure the infobox is displayed correctly and the information is accurate. 5. Save the article to finalize the changes.

Example: Infobox for "Blockchain"

Here’s an example of how the Infobox technology template might be used for the technology “Blockchain”:

```wiki Template loop detected: Template:Infobox technology ```

This will create a visually appealing and informative infobox summarizing the key characteristics of Blockchain. The links to Cryptocurrency and Bitcoin are examples of internal linking.

Advanced Usage and Customization

While the standard parameters cover most scenarios, you might need to customize the Infobox technology template for specific cases. Here are a few advanced techniques:

  • Adding New Parameters: If you need to include information that isn’t covered by the existing parameters, you can propose adding new parameters to the template itself (this requires editing the template’s code, which should only be done by experienced editors). Discuss your proposal on the template’s [[Talk:Template:Infobox technology|talk page]] first.
  • Conditional Parameters: You can use conditional statements (using `#if:` or `#switch:`) within the template to display parameters only under certain conditions. This is useful for technologies with varying characteristics.
  • Using Lua Modules: For more complex customization, you can leverage Lua modules to enhance the template’s functionality. This allows for dynamic content generation and more sophisticated logic.
  • Styling: While generally discouraged (to maintain consistency), you can apply limited styling to specific parameters using CSS classes. However, be mindful of the overall design of the wiki.

Troubleshooting

Here are some common issues you might encounter when using the Infobox technology template and how to resolve them:

  • Infobox Not Displaying: Ensure you have correctly inserted the template code and that all parameters are properly formatted. Check for typos in parameter names.
  • Image Not Showing: Verify that the image file exists on the wiki and that the `image` parameter is correctly specified (without the "File:" prefix). Check the image’s licensing and ensure it’s permitted for use.
  • Incorrect Date Format: Use the YYYY-MM-DD format for the `first_release` parameter.
  • Broken Links: Double-check the URLs in the `website` parameter and ensure they are valid. Internal links must be correctly formatted using double square brackets (e.g., `Link to another article`).
  • Infobox Overflowing: If the infobox is too wide, try reducing the `image_size` or shortening the text in the `description` or `key_features` parameters.

If you’re still having trouble, consult the template’s [[Talk:Template:Infobox technology|talk page]] or ask for help from other editors.

Best Practices

  • Be Concise: Keep the information in the infobox brief and to the point. Detailed explanations should be in the main body of the article.
  • Use Consistent Terminology: Employ standard terminology and definitions throughout the infobox.
  • Link Appropriately: Use internal links to connect the technology to related articles on the wiki. This enhances navigation and provides context.
  • Maintain Accuracy: Ensure all information in the infobox is accurate and up-to-date.
  • Follow Wiki Style Guidelines: Adhere to the wiki’s overall style guidelines and formatting conventions. See Manual of Style for details.
  • Consider Accessibility: Provide alt text for images to make the infobox accessible to users with visual impairments.

Related Concepts and Further Learning

Understanding the Infobox technology template is just one aspect of contributing to a high-quality wiki. Here are some related concepts and resources to explore:

By mastering the use of the Infobox technology template and understanding these related concepts, you’ll be well-equipped to contribute valuable and informative content to the wiki.

Templates Infoboxes Infobox Style Guide Editing Help Formatting Help [[Talk:Template:Infobox technology|Template Talk Page]] WikiProject Technology Technology Notability Verifiability Neutral Point of View

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Signalling System No. 7 (SS7)

Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) (also written as SS7 or SS#7) is a protocol suite used to carry control signalling information in public switched telephone networks (PSTNs) and, increasingly, in mobile networks (GSM, 3G, 4G, and 5G). It is a set of telecommunications signalling protocols that enable telephone network elements to exchange information necessary to set up, route, and tear down calls, as well as to manage network features like roaming and Short Message Service (SMS). While largely invisible to the end-user, SS7 is fundamental to the operation of modern telecommunications. It's the backbone that allows your phone call to connect, your text messages to be delivered, and your mobile network to function. However, due to security vulnerabilities, SS7 is gradually being replaced by newer protocols like Diameter. Understanding the basics of SS7 is increasingly important in the context of telecommunications security and network analysis.

History and Evolution

The origins of SS7 date back to the 1960s when Bell System developed it as a successor to earlier in-band signalling systems (System 4, System 5, and System 6). These earlier systems used audible tones transmitted *over* the voice channel to convey signalling information, which was inefficient and limited functionality. SS7, in contrast, uses a separate, dedicated signalling network, allowing for faster, more reliable, and more complex communication between network elements.

The first SS7 specifications were published in 1975 by the International Telecommunication Union – Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). Over the years, SS7 has undergone numerous revisions and enhancements to support new technologies and services. Key milestones include:

  • **Early Adoption (1980s):** Widespread deployment in PSTNs for call setup and teardown, toll ticketing, and operator services.
  • **GSM Integration (1990s):** Critical for the operation of GSM mobile networks, enabling roaming, SMS delivery, and handover between cell towers. GSM relies heavily on SS7.
  • **3G/4G/5G Evolution (2000s-Present):** Continued use, although increasingly augmented and replaced by protocols like Diameter, especially for newer functionalities. 3G and 4G networks still leverage SS7 for certain core functions. The transition to 5G is accelerating the move away from SS7.
  • **SIGTRAN (Signalling Transport):** A set of protocols designed to transport SS7 signalling messages over IP networks, bridging the gap between traditional SS7 networks and modern IP-based infrastructure.

Core Components and Network Elements

An SS7 network is a complex system comprised of several key components:

  • **Signalling Links:** These are the physical connections between network elements, typically using T1/E1 lines or, increasingly, IP-based connections via SIGTRAN.
  • **Signalling Points (SPs):** These are network elements that originate, terminate, or route SS7 messages. Common SPs include:
   *   Service Switching Points (SSPs): The intelligent nodes responsible for call control and feature activation. They interact with databases to determine call routing and apply services.
   *   Signal Transfer Points (STPs): Act as routers for SS7 messages, forwarding them between SPs. They maintain routing information and ensure messages reach their intended destination. STPs are crucial for inter-network communication.
   *   Service Control Points (SCPs):  Databases containing information about subscribers, services, and routing policies. SSPs query SCPs to obtain the necessary data to handle calls and services.
   *   Integrated Digital Services Network (ISDN) Service Switching Points (ISSSPs): Support ISDN services.
   *   Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs):  Control mobile calls and handoffs in GSM, 3G, and 4G networks.
  • **Message Transfer Part (MTP):** The lower layers of the SS7 protocol stack, responsible for reliable message transfer between SPs. Includes MTP1, MTP2, and MTP3.
  • **User Part (UP):** The upper layers of the SS7 protocol stack, defining the specific application services supported by the network. Examples include:
   *   Telephone User Part (TUP): Handles call setup and teardown for traditional telephone calls.
   *   Mobile Application Part (MAP): Supports mobility management, location updating, and SMS delivery in mobile networks.
   *   Integrated Services Digital Network User Part (ISUP): Handles call control for ISDN services.
   *   Service Determination Part (SDP): Used for pre-paid billing and other service determination functions.

SS7 Protocol Stack

The SS7 protocol stack is organized in layers, similar to the OSI model. Understanding these layers is essential for comprehending how SS7 functions:

  • **Layer 1: Physical Layer:** Defines the physical characteristics of the signalling links, such as voltage levels, data rates, and connectors.
  • **Layer 2: Data Link Layer (MTP1 & MTP2):** Provides reliable point-to-point message transfer. MTP1 handles error detection and correction, while MTP2 manages link establishment and maintenance.
  • **Layer 3: Network Layer (MTP3):** Provides routing and network-level addressing. MTP3 determines the best path for messages to reach their destination. This is where the concept of Point Codes becomes important.
  • **Layer 4: Transport Layer (SCCP):** Provides connection-oriented and connectionless data transfer services. SCCP allows for the transmission of longer messages and supports features like global title translation.
  • **Layers 5-7: Application Layer (User Parts):** Implement specific application services, such as call control, mobility management, and SMS delivery. This is where TUP, MAP, ISUP, and SDP reside.

SS7 Messages and Operations

SS7 uses a variety of message types to perform different operations. Some common message types include:

  • **Initial DP (Initial Digit Pad):** Sent by the originating SSP to the called party's network to initiate a call.
  • **Address Complete (AC):** Indicates that the called party's number has been fully dialed and validated.
  • **Call Setup (CS):** Requests the called party's network to set up the call.
  • **Connect (CON):** Indicates that the call has been connected.
  • **Disconnect (DIS):** Terminates the call.
  • **MAP_UPDATE_LOCATION:** Used by mobile networks to update the location of a mobile subscriber.
  • **MAP_SUBMIT_SM:** Used to submit a Short Message (SMS) for delivery.

SS7 operations can be broadly categorized into:

  • **Call Control:** Establishing, routing, and terminating telephone calls.
  • **Mobility Management:** Tracking the location of mobile subscribers and enabling handoffs between cell towers.
  • **SMS Delivery:** Routing and delivering Short Message Service messages.
  • **Number Portability:** Allowing subscribers to retain their phone numbers when switching carriers.
  • **Prepaid Billing:** Managing prepaid accounts and deducting charges for calls.

Security Concerns and Vulnerabilities

SS7, despite its long history and foundational role, has significant security vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities have been exploited for various malicious purposes, including:

  • **Location Tracking:** An attacker can intercept SS7 messages to determine the precise location of a mobile subscriber. Geolocation is a key concern.
  • **Call Interception:** An attacker can redirect calls to a different destination, eavesdropping on conversations.
  • **SMS Interception:** An attacker can intercept SMS messages, potentially gaining access to sensitive information like one-time passwords (OTPs).
  • **Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks:** An attacker can flood the network with SS7 messages, disrupting service.
  • **Fraudulent Activity:** Attackers can exploit SS7 to make fraudulent calls or access prepaid accounts.

These vulnerabilities stem from several factors:

  • **Lack of Authentication:** SS7 originally lacked strong authentication mechanisms, making it difficult to verify the identity of signalling points.
  • **Plaintext Transmission:** Many SS7 messages are transmitted in plaintext, making them vulnerable to eavesdropping.
  • **Legacy Infrastructure:** The widespread deployment of legacy SS7 equipment makes it difficult to implement security upgrades.
  • **Absence of End-to-End Encryption:** SS7 doesn't inherently provide end-to-end encryption for the communication it facilitates.

Transition to Newer Technologies

Due to its security vulnerabilities and limitations, SS7 is gradually being replaced by newer protocols, primarily:

  • **Diameter:** A next-generation signalling protocol designed to address the shortcomings of SS7. Diameter provides stronger authentication, encryption, and scalability. Diameter protocol is becoming the standard for many mobile network applications.
  • **SIGTRAN:** A set of protocols that encapsulate SS7 messages within IP packets, allowing them to be transported over IP networks. SIGTRAN provides a bridge between traditional SS7 networks and modern IP-based infrastructure.
  • **5G Core Architecture:** The 5G core network architecture is designed with security in mind and uses protocols like HTTP/2 and TLS for signalling, reducing reliance on SS7.

The transition to these newer technologies is a complex and ongoing process. Many networks continue to rely on SS7 for certain core functions, while gradually adopting Diameter and SIGTRAN for new services and features.

Relevance to Financial Markets and Algorithmic Trading

While seemingly unrelated, understanding SS7 can be surprisingly relevant to financial markets. The ability to intercept SMS messages, a vulnerability of SS7, has been exploited to compromise two-factor authentication (2FA) systems used by financial institutions. This can allow attackers to gain unauthorized access to trading accounts and execute fraudulent transactions. Furthermore, the delays and disruptions caused by SS7-related attacks can impact market stability and create opportunities for high-frequency trading firms. Monitoring SS7 activity can provide valuable insights into potential security threats and market manipulation attempts.

Here are some connections to trading and technical analysis:

  • **High-Frequency Trading (HFT):** SS7 disruptions can create latency imbalances that HFT algorithms can exploit. HFT strategies can capitalize on these temporary market inefficiencies.
  • **Event-Driven Trading:** News of SS7 vulnerabilities or successful attacks can trigger market reactions, creating opportunities for event-driven trading strategies.
  • **Risk Management:** Financial institutions need to implement robust security measures to protect against SS7-related attacks and mitigate the risk of fraudulent transactions.
  • **Correlation Analysis:** Analyzing the correlation between SS7 activity and market movements can reveal potential patterns and anomalies.
  • **Volatility Indicators:** Sudden increases in SS7-related security incidents can lead to increased market volatility, as measured by indicators like ATR (Average True Range) and VIX (Volatility Index).
  • **Trend Following:** Identifying long-term trends in SS7 security breaches can inform investment decisions.
  • **Moving Averages:** Tracking the number of SS7-related incidents over time using Moving Averages can help identify emerging threats.
  • **Bollinger Bands:** Using Bollinger Bands to analyze the volatility of SS7-related security events can provide insights into potential breakouts.
  • **Fibonacci Retracements:** Applying Fibonacci Retracements to the historical data of SS7 security breaches can help identify potential support and resistance levels.
  • **MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence):** Using the MACD indicator to analyze trends in SS7 security incidents can help identify potential buy or sell signals.
  • **RSI (Relative Strength Index):** The RSI can be used to determine whether SS7 security incidents are overbought or oversold.
  • **Ichimoku Cloud:** The Ichimoku Cloud can provide a comprehensive view of trends in SS7 security incidents.
  • **Parabolic SAR:** Parabolic SAR can help identify potential trend reversals in SS7 security breaches.
  • **Elliott Wave Theory:** Applying Elliott Wave Theory to analyze patterns in SS7 security incidents can help predict future events.
  • **Candlestick Patterns:** Analyzing Candlestick Patterns in the data of SS7 security breaches can provide insights into market sentiment.
  • **Support and Resistance Levels:** Identifying Support and Resistance Levels in the historical data of SS7 security incidents can help predict future price movements.
  • **Gap Analysis:** Analyzing Gaps in the data of SS7 security incidents can provide insights into market volatility.
  • **Volume Analysis:** Analyzing Volume data in relation to SS7 security incidents can help confirm trends and identify potential reversals.
  • **Correlation Coefficients:** Calculating Correlation Coefficients between SS7 security incidents and market indicators can reveal potential relationships.
  • **Monte Carlo Simulation:** Monte Carlo Simulation can be used to model the potential impact of SS7-related attacks on financial markets.
  • **Time Series Analysis:** Time Series Analysis techniques can be applied to the data of SS7 security incidents to identify patterns and predict future events.
  • **Machine Learning Algorithms:** Machine Learning algorithms can be trained to detect and predict SS7-related attacks.
  • **Neural Networks:** Neural Networks can be used to analyze complex patterns in SS7 security data.
  • **Genetic Algorithms:** Genetic Algorithms can be used to optimize security measures against SS7 attacks.
  • **Chaos Theory:** Chaos Theory can be applied to understand the unpredictable nature of SS7 security threats.


Further Reading

Telecommunications Mobile network GSM 3G 4G 5G Security Network security Diameter protocol SIGTRAN Two-factor authentication Fraud Risk management

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