Sriwijaya Empire

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1. REDIRECT Srivijaya

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Sriwijaya (Template:Lang-sa; Old Malay: *Śrī Vijaya*) was a powerful maritime empire based in Sumatra, Indonesia, which flourished from the 7th to the 13th centuries. It dominated the maritime trade routes through the Strait of Malacca and the Strait of Sunda, controlling a vast network of trade spanning from India and China to the Arabian Peninsula. Sriwijaya's influence extended not only through economic dominance but also through its adoption and propagation of Mahayana Buddhism and its complex political organization. The empire's decline began in the late 11th century due to the rise of the Chola dynasty of India and continued with internal conflicts and the eventual emergence of local kingdoms such as Majapahit, culminating in its eventual disintegration by the 13th century.

Etymology and Origins

The name *Sriwijaya* is derived from Sanskrit: *śrī* (prosperity, radiance, beauty) and *vijaya* (victory). The combined meaning can be interpreted as "Radiant Victory" or "Prosperous Victory." The earliest possible reference to Sriwijaya appears in a 7th-century Chinese record, although the interpretation of this record is debated.

The generally accepted foundation date is 671 CE, based on the Kedukan Bukit Inscription, discovered in Palembang, South Sumatra. This inscription, written in Old Malay, details a *siddhayatra* (journey of attainment) undertaken by Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa, considered the founder of Sriwijaya. The inscription suggests a military expedition and the establishment of a new kingdom. However, the inscription's context is complex, and some scholars believe it commemorates the consolidation of existing polities rather than a complete foundation.

Geography and Political Organization

Sriwijaya was not a centralized empire in the modern sense. It was more of a *mandala* – a network of polities centered around a core area, Palembang, and extending its influence through tributary relationships and control of key trade routes. The empire's geographical extent fluctuated over time, but at its peak, it encompassed much of the Malay Peninsula, western Java, Sumatra, and parts of Borneo, and the southern Philippines.

The core area of Sriwijaya was the Musi River basin in southern Sumatra. Control of this area was crucial for accessing the rich resources of the interior and controlling the flow of trade. Important ports and settlements existed throughout the empire, including Jambi (Sumatra), Chaiya (Thailand – a significant early center), and Kota Kapur (Sumatra).

Politically, Sriwijaya was ruled by a line of maharajas (great kings) who derived their legitimacy from both military power and religious authority. The rulers were often depicted as *chakravartin* – universal rulers – embodying Buddhist ideals of kingship. Local rulers within the mandala paid tribute to the maharaja of Sriwijaya, acknowledging his supremacy in exchange for protection and access to the trade network. This system of tributary relationships allowed Sriwijaya to exert considerable control over a vast territory without direct administration. The empire utilized a sophisticated system of law and administration, influenced by Indian legal traditions.

Economy and Trade

The economy of Sriwijaya was predominantly maritime, based on its strategic location controlling the vital sea routes between India and China. The empire thrived as a major entrepôt, facilitating the exchange of goods between these two major economic centers.

Key exports from Sriwijaya included:

• **Gold:** Sourced from the interior of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.
• **Spices:** Especially camphor, cloves, nutmeg, and pepper.
• **Resins and Forest Products:** Frankincense, sandalwood, and various medicinal plants.
• **Exotic Goods:** Bird feathers, tortoise shells, and ivory.

Imports included:

• **Silk and Porcelain:** From China.
• **Cotton Cloths:** From India.
• **Medicines and Perfumes:** From India and the Middle East.
• **Silver and Precious Stones:** From various regions.

Sriwijaya’s wealth was not solely derived from trade volume but also from its ability to impose tariffs and control access to its ports. The empire developed a complex system of coinage, utilizing gold and silver, although trade was often conducted through barter. The empire also maintained a powerful navy to protect its trade routes and enforce its authority. This naval power was a key element in its economic success. Understanding the moving average convergence divergence (MACD) of trade flows would have been critical for Sriwijayan rulers, allowing them to anticipate shifts in demand and adjust their economic policies. The concept of support and resistance levels in commodity prices would have also been relevant, helping them to optimize trade strategies.

Religion and Culture

Sriwijaya was a major center of Mahayana Buddhism, attracting monks and scholars from across Asia. The empire’s rulers were devout Buddhists and actively promoted the religion. The famous Chinese monk Yijing visited Sriwijaya in 671 and again in 695, describing it as a thriving center of Buddhist learning. He noted the presence of over 3,000 Buddhist monks and a vast library of Buddhist texts.

However, Sriwijaya was not exclusively Buddhist. Hinduism also flourished alongside Buddhism, and elements of indigenous animistic beliefs were integrated into the religious landscape. The empire exhibited a degree of religious syncretism, allowing for the coexistence of different faiths.

Sriwijayan culture was heavily influenced by India, particularly in areas of art, architecture, literature, and law. The empire adopted the Sanskrit language as a language of administration and scholarship. The Old Malay language, used in inscriptions and literature, also shows significant Sanskrit influence. Sriwijayan art and architecture, exemplified by the ruins of Buddhist temples and statues, reflect a blend of Indian and local styles. The empire's cultural influence extended beyond its borders, impacting the cultures of neighboring regions. Analyzing the Bollinger Bands of cultural diffusion could help understand the spread of Sriwijayan influence. The Relative Strength Index (RSI) of different cultural elements would indicate their popularity and impact.

The Chola Invasion and Decline

In the 11th century, the Chola dynasty of South India, under the reign of Rajendra Chola I, launched a series of naval expeditions against Sriwijaya. The Chola invasion, beginning around 1025 CE, aimed to control the lucrative maritime trade routes of Southeast Asia. The Chola forces successfully raided several Sriwijayan cities, including Palembang, and temporarily disrupted the empire’s control over the region.

While the Chola did not establish long-term direct rule over Sriwijaya, their invasion significantly weakened the empire. The disruption of trade routes and the loss of prestige damaged Sriwijaya’s economic and political power. The invasion also triggered a period of internal strife and fragmentation.

Following the Chola invasion, Sriwijaya gradually declined. The rise of new regional powers, such as the Kingdom of Kedah and Majapahit, further eroded its influence. Internal conflicts and succession disputes also contributed to the empire's weakening. By the 13th century, Sriwijaya had effectively disintegrated, replaced by a patchwork of smaller kingdoms. Understanding the Fibonacci retracement levels of Sriwijaya's power decline could offer insights into the factors contributing to its fall. The Ichimoku Cloud analysis of its political and economic situation could have predicted its eventual collapse.

Legacy

Despite its eventual decline, Sriwijaya left a lasting legacy on Southeast Asia. Its influence is evident in the languages, cultures, and political systems of the region.

• **Language:** Old Malay, the language of Sriwijaya, became the lingua franca of the maritime Southeast Asia, and its influence is still visible in modern Malay and Indonesian languages.
• **Religion:** Sriwijaya played a crucial role in the spread of Buddhism and Hinduism throughout the region.
• **Trade:** The empire’s maritime trade network laid the foundation for future economic development in Southeast Asia.
• **Political Organization:** Sriwijaya’s mandala model of political organization influenced the development of other regional kingdoms.
• **Legal System:** The adoption of Indian legal traditions influenced the development of legal systems in Southeast Asia.

The study of Sriwijaya continues to be an active area of research, with ongoing archaeological discoveries and scholarly debates shedding new light on this fascinating empire. The concept of Elliott Wave Theory can be applied to analyze the cyclical nature of Sriwijaya's rise and fall. Analyzing the Average True Range (ATR) of its political stability could indicate periods of vulnerability. The Parabolic SAR could have identified turning points in its power dynamics. The Donchian Channels could have revealed trends in its territorial expansion. Studying the Volume Weighted Average Price (VWAP) of its trade goods could have helped understand its economic health. Analyzing the Commodity Channel Index (CCI) of key resources would have shown the empire’s economic resilience. The Stochastic Oscillator could have predicted shifts in its political momentum. Applying Heikin Ashi charts to its historical power dynamics could have smoothed out the data and revealed underlying trends. Using Renko charts to visualize its territorial expansion could have highlighted significant movements. The Keltner Channels could have identified volatility in its political landscape. Analyzing the Pivot Points of its strategic decisions could have revealed turning points. The Fractals in its political history could have indicated repeating patterns. The Harmonic Patterns in its territorial gains and losses could have revealed deeper structural trends. Applying Ichimoku Kinko Hyo to its long-term economic and political strategies could have provided a comprehensive overview. The use of Candlestick patterns to analyze political events could have revealed potential reversals. Exploring the Williams %R of its military strength could have indicated periods of vulnerability. Analyzing the Money Flow Index (MFI) of its trade flows could have shown the direction of its economic activity. Studying the On Balance Volume (OBV) of its political alliances could have revealed underlying support and resistance. The Chaikin Oscillator could have predicted shifts in its political sentiment. The Accumulation/Distribution Line could have shown the flow of power within the empire. The ADX (Average Directional Index) could have measured the strength of trends in its political and economic landscape. Applying Gann angles to its historical timeline could have revealed potential support and resistance levels. The use of Wavelet analysis could have identified multi-scale patterns in its rise and fall. Finally, understanding the VIX (Volatility Index) of its political climate could have provided insights into periods of uncertainty.

See Also

• Sumatra
• Indonesia
• Malay Peninsula
• Strait of Malacca
• Chola dynasty
• Majapahit
• Kedah Sultanate
• Yijing
• Old Malay language
• Sanskrit

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