Enhanced Fujita scale

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  1. redirect Enhanced Fujita scale

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Before making any financial decisions, you are strongly advised to consult with a qualified financial advisor and conduct your own research and due diligence. Template:Infobox weather scale

The Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale is a scale used to rate the intensity of tornadoes based on the damage they cause. It is an update to the original Fujita scale (F-scale), which was developed in 1971 by Tetsuya Theodore Fujita, a professor of meteorology at the University of Chicago. The EF Scale was implemented in the United States on February 1, 2007, and is now used by meteorological agencies in many other countries, including Canada. It represents a significant advancement in tornado damage assessment, moving beyond solely relying on observed wind speeds to considering the types of damage inflicted on various structures. This article will provide a comprehensive overview of the EF Scale, its development, methodology, categories, limitations, and how it differs from its predecessor.

Background and Development

The original Fujita scale was revolutionary for its time, providing a standardized method to classify tornado intensity. However, it had several limitations. The F-scale primarily relied on estimating wind speeds based on observed damage. This proved problematic for several reasons:

  • Damage-to-windspeed relationships are complex: The same wind speed can cause varying degrees of damage depending on the quality of construction, the type of materials used, and the age of the structure.
  • Subjectivity: Assessing damage and estimating wind speeds was often subjective, leading to inconsistencies in ratings.
  • Lack of correlation with pressure drop: The F-scale did not adequately account for the significant pressure drops associated with strong tornadoes, which contribute to the overall forces acting on structures.

Recognizing these shortcomings, a team of meteorologists and engineers, led by Tim Samaras and Ernst Kiesling, began working in the early 2000s to develop a more accurate and reliable scale. This effort culminated in the creation of the Enhanced Fujita Scale, which was officially adopted by the National Weather Service (NWS) in 2007.

The key improvements in the EF Scale include:

  • Damage Indicators (DIs): The EF Scale utilizes 28 different Damage Indicators, representing various types of structures and vegetation. These include buildings, trees, mobile homes, power poles, and more. Each DI has specific degrees of damage (DODs) associated with it.
  • Degrees of Damage (DODs): For each Damage Indicator, the EF Scale defines several Degrees of Damage, ranging from minor to complete destruction. These DODs are directly linked to estimated wind speeds.
  • Wind Speed Estimates: The EF Scale provides a more refined range of wind speeds associated with each damage level, based on extensive engineering studies and wind tunnel testing.
  • Improved Damage Assessment: The EF Scale emphasizes a more thorough and systematic damage assessment process, requiring trained surveyors to evaluate the damage to multiple structures and consider the overall context.

Methodology

The process of assigning an EF Scale rating to a tornado involves several steps:

1. Damage Path Survey: Following a tornado, a team of trained surveyors from the National Weather Service or local emergency management agencies conducts a damage path survey. This involves traveling along the tornado's track and documenting the damage to various structures. 2. Damage Indicator Selection: Surveyors identify the most representative Damage Indicators along the path. For example, in a residential area, buildings would be the primary DIs. In a forested area, trees would be the focus. 3. Degree of Damage Assessment: For each selected Damage Indicator, surveyors assess the Degree of Damage (DOD) based on predefined criteria. This involves carefully examining the damage and comparing it to the descriptions provided in the EF Scale guidelines. For example, a building with minor roof damage might be assigned a DOD of 1, while a building completely leveled would receive a DOD of 28. 4. Estimated Wind Speed Determination: Based on the assessed DODs, the surveyors determine the estimated wind speed range associated with that level of damage. The EF Scale provides a table that links DODs to wind speed ranges. 5. EF Scale Rating Assignment: The final EF Scale rating is determined by considering the *highest* wind speed estimate observed along the tornado's path. It's important to note that the EF Scale is not based on the *peak* wind speed of the tornado, but rather on the *maximum damage* observed. This is because accurately measuring peak wind speeds during a tornado is extremely difficult.

EF Scale Categories

The Enhanced Fujita Scale consists of six categories, ranging from EF0 to EF5, based on estimated wind speeds and the resulting damage.

  • EF0 (65-85 mph): Light damage. Damage to chimneys, tree branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over, and damage to signs.
  • EF1 (86-110 mph): Moderate damage. Roofs damaged, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors may be peeled off, windows broken, and light objects blown around.
  • EF2 (111-135 mph): Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-constructed homes, mobile homes completely destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, light-object missiles generated.
  • EF3 (136-165 mph): Severe damage. Well-constructed homes severely damaged, trains overturned, cars lifted off the ground and thrown, most trees uprooted.
  • EF4 (166-200 mph): Devastating damage. Well-constructed homes leveled, cars thrown significant distances, structures with weak foundations blown away, large missiles generated.
  • EF5 (over 200 mph): Incredible damage. Strong frame houses leveled off their foundations and swept away; automobile-sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 100 meters; steel-reinforced concrete structures are critically damaged.

It is crucial to understand that these wind speeds are *estimates* based on observed damage. The actual wind speeds within a tornado can vary significantly, and the EF Scale rating is a reflection of the *damage* caused, not necessarily the precise wind speed. The EF Scale is also a *continuous* scale, meaning that damage can fall between categories. Surveyors often refine the EF rating to provide a more precise assessment of the tornado's intensity.

Differences between Fujita Scale and Enhanced Fujita Scale

The EF Scale represents a significant improvement over the original Fujita Scale. Here’s a detailed comparison:

| Feature | Fujita Scale (F-Scale) | Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale) | |---|---|---| | **Basis for Rating** | Primarily estimated wind speeds based on damage | Damage Indicators (DIs) and Degrees of Damage (DODs) linked to estimated wind speeds | | **Number of Categories** | F0-F5 (5 categories) | EF0-EF5 (6 categories) | | **Damage Indicators** | Limited and less specific | 28 distinct Damage Indicators | | **Degree of Damage** | Subjective and less defined | Clearly defined Degrees of Damage for each DI | | **Wind Speed Estimates** | Broad ranges | More refined wind speed ranges | | **Assessment Process** | Less systematic and more subjective | More thorough, systematic, and objective | | **Consideration of Construction Quality** | Limited | Explicitly considers construction quality and materials | | **Pressure Drop Consideration** | None | Indirectly accounts for pressure drop through more accurate damage assessment |

The EF Scale is more nuanced and provides a more accurate representation of tornado intensity than the F-Scale. It reduces subjectivity and provides a more consistent and reliable method for damage assessment. The adoption of the EF Scale led to a noticeable shift in ratings, with fewer tornadoes being classified as F5 and a more even distribution of ratings across the scale. This is not necessarily because tornadoes are less intense, but rather because the EF Scale provides a more accurate assessment of their intensity.

Limitations of the EF Scale

While the Enhanced Fujita Scale is a significant improvement over its predecessor, it is not without limitations:

  • Damage Assessment Remains Subjective: Despite the detailed guidelines, some degree of subjectivity remains in assessing the Degree of Damage, particularly in complex damage scenarios.
  • Construction Variability: Differences in construction quality and building codes across different regions can affect damage patterns, making it challenging to apply the EF Scale consistently.
  • Non-Tornado Winds: Damage caused by straight-line winds (e.g., downbursts) can sometimes be mistaken for tornado damage, leading to inaccurate EF Scale ratings. Derecho events often create widespread straight-line wind damage.
  • Missing Damage: Damage may be obscured by vegetation, debris, or the collapse of structures, making it difficult to assess the full extent of the damage.
  • Difficulty in Remote Areas: Conducting thorough damage path surveys can be challenging in remote or sparsely populated areas.
  • Focus on Structural Damage: The EF Scale primarily focuses on structural damage and may not fully capture the impact of tornadoes on other aspects, such as human life and economic losses.

Despite these limitations, the EF Scale remains the best available tool for assessing tornado intensity and provides valuable information for understanding tornado hazards and improving public safety. Storm chasing provides valuable ground truth data, but is often limited in scope.

Applications and Future Developments

The EF Scale is used for a variety of purposes:

  • Tornado Warning Verification: The EF Scale rating helps verify the accuracy of tornado warnings issued by the Storm Prediction Center.
  • Hazard Mitigation: Understanding the intensity of past tornadoes helps identify areas at high risk and develop effective hazard mitigation strategies.
  • Building Codes: EF Scale data can inform the development of more resilient building codes to better withstand tornado forces.
  • Research: EF Scale data is used in research to study tornado characteristics, improve forecasting models, and understand the relationship between tornadoes and climate change.
  • Public Education: The EF Scale helps educate the public about tornado hazards and the importance of taking appropriate safety precautions.

Ongoing research and development efforts are focused on further refining the EF Scale, including:

  • Improving Damage Indicators: Refining the existing Damage Indicators and developing new ones to better capture the range of damage caused by tornadoes.
  • Integrating Advanced Technologies: Using technologies such as LiDAR and drones to collect more detailed damage data.
  • Developing Probabilistic Assessments: Moving towards probabilistic assessments of tornado intensity, rather than relying on a single EF Scale rating.
  • Expanding the Scale: Considering the addition of more granular categories to better differentiate between tornadoes of similar intensity.

The EF Scale is a dynamic tool that is constantly evolving to improve our understanding of tornadoes and enhance public safety. Understanding the principles behind the EF Scale is essential for anyone involved in tornado research, forecasting, or emergency management. Furthermore, awareness of the scale allows the public to better understand the risks associated with tornadoes and take appropriate safety measures. Resources like NOAA's website provide detailed information on the EF Scale and tornado safety.

See Also

External Resources and Further Reading

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