Astrakhan Khanate
September 3, 2025
- REDIRECT Astrakhan Khanate
Astrakhan Khanate
The Astrakhan Khanate (1466–1556) was a Tatar state that existed in the lower Volga region in what is now European Russia, centered around the city of Astrakhan. Established as a successor state to the Golden Horde, it represented a significant political and cultural entity in the region for nearly a century before being conquered by Russia under Ivan the Terrible in 1556. Understanding its rise, governance, economy, and eventual fall provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics of post-Mongol Eurasia and the expansion of the Russian Tsardom. This article will explore the history of the Astrakhan Khanate in detail, covering its origins, political structure, socio-economic foundations, religious landscape, and its ultimate demise. Furthermore, analogous to understanding risk-reward ratios in binary options trading, comprehending the Astrakhan Khanate’s strengths and vulnerabilities is crucial to understanding its fate.
Origins and Establishment
The disintegration of the Golden Horde in the mid-15th century created a power vacuum in the vast territories it once controlled. Several independent khanates emerged, including the Kazan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, and the Astrakhan Khanate. The Astrakhan Khanate was founded by Muhammad al-Shaybani, a descendant of Genghis Khan and a prominent figure in the Nogai Horde. Al-Shaybani initially seized control of Sarai, the former capital of the Golden Horde, but faced challenges from other claimants. He ultimately established Astrakhan as his new capital around 1466, strategically positioned at the mouth of the Volga River, controlling vital trade routes.
The early years of the Khanate were marked by consolidation of power and conflict with neighboring states. Al-Shaybani skillfully maneuvered between alliances and rivalries, securing the Khanate's initial stability. He engaged in raids and warfare with neighboring powers, including the Great Horde remnants and various Russian principalities. This period mirrors the volatility often seen in financial markets, particularly in binary options trading, where rapid shifts in momentum and unexpected events can significantly impact outcomes. Just as a trader uses technical analysis to predict market movements, Al-Shaybani used political and military strategy to navigate the complex geopolitical landscape.
Political Structure and Governance
The Astrakhan Khanate was a centralized, autocratic state ruled by a Khan. However, the Khan’s power was often checked by the aristocracy, particularly the descendants of the Golden Horde nobility. The ruling elite consisted primarily of Tatar and Mongol clans who had benefited from the earlier Golden Horde system. The Khanate’s administrative structure was largely based on the Mongol model, with a system of governors (bashkards) responsible for different regions.
Military organization was also crucial. The Astrakhan army consisted of both Tatar cavalry and mercenary forces recruited from various nomadic groups. Control of the Volga River was paramount, and the Khanate maintained a strong naval presence to control river traffic and protect its trade interests. This focus on strategic resources is reminiscent of the importance of identifying key assets in trading volume analysis – understanding where the 'flow' of capital is concentrated can reveal valuable insights.
The legal system was a blend of Mongol law (Yasa) and Islamic Sharia law, reflecting the religious diversity of the population. Justice was administered by judges (kadis) who were appointed by the Khan. The Khanate’s political stability was frequently challenged by internal power struggles and succession disputes, mirroring the inherent risks associated with options pricing – uncertainties in underlying assets can lead to unpredictable outcomes. A strong understanding of momentum trading strategies, identifying and capitalizing on established trends, was crucial for any ruler seeking to maintain control.
Socio-Economic Foundations
The economy of the Astrakhan Khanate was heavily reliant on trade. Its strategic location at the crossroads of major trade routes – connecting Eastern Europe with Central Asia and the Middle East – made it a vital commercial hub. The Volga River served as the main artery for trade, facilitating the exchange of goods such as furs, fish, salt, textiles, and slaves.
Astrakhan became a major center for the slave trade, with slaves primarily sourced from raids on neighboring territories. This trade contributed significantly to the Khanate’s wealth but also fueled conflict and resentment. The Khanate also derived revenue from taxation, particularly from trade and agriculture. Agriculture was limited by the arid climate, but the fertile lands along the Volga River supported some cultivation.
The population of the Astrakhan Khanate was diverse, consisting of Tatars, Mongols, Russians, and other ethnic groups. The Tatars formed the dominant social and political elite, but the Khanate’s economy relied on the contributions of all its inhabitants. The economic principles at play within the Khanate – supply, demand, and the flow of goods – are analogous to the forces driving market fluctuations in binary options. A keen awareness of support and resistance levels – crucial points where prices tend to find support or encounter resistance – would have been invaluable in managing the Khanate’s economic resources.
Religious Landscape
Islam was the dominant religion in the Astrakhan Khanate, particularly among the ruling elite. However, the Khanate also had a significant population of Christians, primarily Russians who lived in the surrounding territories. The Khanate generally practiced religious tolerance, allowing Christians to practice their faith freely, although they were subject to certain restrictions, such as the payment of a poll tax.
The construction of mosques and religious schools flourished during the Khanate’s existence, reflecting the importance of Islam in its cultural and intellectual life. Sufism, a mystical branch of Islam, also had a significant following in the region. The religious diversity of the Khanate contributed to its cultural richness but also created potential for conflict. Successfully managing diverse viewpoints and mitigating potential risks of conflict is a key element of robust risk management strategies, applicable both in historical governance and in modern financial markets. Recognizing and adapting to changing market trends was crucial for maintaining stability.
Decline and Fall
The Astrakhan Khanate’s decline began in the early 16th century, as the rising power of the Russian Tsardom posed an increasing threat. Ivan the Terrible, determined to expand Russia’s territory and control the Volga River trade routes, launched a series of military campaigns against the Khanate.
Internal divisions within the Astrakhan elite further weakened the Khanate’s ability to resist Russian aggression. Rivalries between different factions vying for power created instability and undermined the Khanate’s military strength. In 1552, Russian forces captured the city of Kazan, a major blow to the Khanate’s allies.
In 1556, Ivan the Terrible led a large army to Astrakhan and laid siege to the city. After a prolonged siege, Astrakhan surrendered to the Russians, marking the end of the Astrakhan Khanate. The Khanate was incorporated into the Russian Tsardom, and its territory became a vital part of Russia’s expanding empire.
The fall of the Astrakhan Khanate demonstrates the importance of adaptability and strategic foresight. Failing to anticipate and respond to changing circumstances – much like a trader ignoring crucial indicators – can lead to catastrophic outcomes. The Khanate’s inability to forge strong alliances or effectively address internal divisions proved fatal, mirroring the risks of relying on a single trading strategy without diversification. The story of Astrakhan serves as a cautionary tale about the importance of proactive hedging strategies to mitigate potential losses. Understanding the concept of call options and put options – tools used to manage risk – would have been beneficial to the Astrakhan leadership, had they been available. The Khanate's fate exemplifies the need for robust money management principles.
Legacy
Despite its relatively short existence, the Astrakhan Khanate left a lasting legacy on the history of the lower Volga region. It played a significant role in shaping the cultural and ethnic landscape of the area, and its fall marked a turning point in the relationship between Russia and the Tatar world. The city of Astrakhan continues to be a major commercial and cultural center in Russia today, reflecting its historical importance as a crossroads of trade and civilizations. The Astrakhan Khanate’s story provides valuable insights into the dynamics of power, trade, and cultural exchange in post-Mongol Eurasia. The Khanate's experience underscores the critical importance of understanding and managing market volatility.
Template:Clear
Template:Clear is a fundamental formatting tool within the context of presenting information related to Binary Options trading. While it doesn't directly involve trading strategies or risk management techniques, its purpose is critically important: to ensure clarity and readability of complex data, particularly when displaying results, risk disclosures, or comparative analyses. This article will provide a detailed explanation for beginners on how and why Template:Clear is used, its benefits, practical examples within the binary options environment, and best practices for implementation.
What is Template:Clear?
At its core, Template:Clear is a MediaWiki template designed to prevent content from “floating” or misaligning within a page layout. In MediaWiki, and especially when working with tables, images, or other floating elements, content can sometimes wrap around these elements in unintended ways. This can lead to a visually cluttered and confusing presentation, making it difficult for users to quickly grasp key information. Template:Clear essentially forces the following content to appear below any preceding floating elements, preventing this unwanted wrapping. It achieves this by inserting a clearfix – a technique borrowed from CSS – that effectively establishes a new block formatting context.
Why is Template:Clear Important in Binary Options Content?
Binary options trading, by its nature, deals with a lot of numerical data, probabilities, and graphical representations. Consider these scenarios where Template:Clear becomes indispensable:
- Result Displays: Presenting the outcomes of trades (win/loss, payout, investment amount) requires precise alignment. Without Template:Clear, a table displaying trade results might have rows that incorrectly wrap around images or other elements, obscuring crucial details.
- Risk Disclosures: Binary options carry inherent risks. Risk disclosures are legally required and must be presented clearly and conspicuously. Misalignment caused by floating elements can diminish the impact and clarity of these important warnings. See Risk Management for more on mitigating these dangers.
- Comparative Analyses: When comparing different binary options brokers, strategies, or assets, tables are frequently used. Template:Clear ensures that the comparison is presented in a structured and easily digestible format. This is vital for informed decision-making.
- Technical Analysis Charts: Incorporating technical analysis charts (e.g., Candlestick Patterns, Moving Averages, Bollinger Bands) alongside textual explanations requires careful layout. Template:Clear prevents text from overlapping or obscuring the chart itself.
- Strategy Illustrations: Explaining complex Trading Strategies such as Straddle Strategy, Boundary Options Strategy, or High/Low Strategy often involves diagrams or tables. Template:Clear maintains the visual integrity of these illustrations.
- Payout Tables: Displaying payout structures for different binary options types (e.g., 60-Second Binary Options, One Touch Options, Ladder Options) requires clear formatting.
- Volume Analysis Displays: Presenting Volume Analysis data alongside price charts requires clear separation to prevent confusion.
In essence, Template:Clear contributes to the professionalism and trustworthiness of binary options educational materials. Clear presentation fosters understanding and helps traders make more informed decisions.
How to Use Template:Clear in MediaWiki
Using Template:Clear is remarkably simple. You simply insert the following code into your MediaWiki page where you want to force a clear:
```wiki Template loop detected: Template:Clear ```
That's it! No parameters or arguments are required. The template handles the necessary HTML and CSS to create the clearfix effect.
Practical Examples
Let's illustrate the benefits of Template:Clear with some practical examples.
Example 1: Trade Result Table Without Template:Clear
Consider the following example, demonstrating a poorly formatted trade result table:
```wiki
| Date ! Asset ! Type ! Investment ! Payout ! Result ! |
|---|
| EUR/USD | High/Low | $100 | $180 | Win | |
| GBP/JPY | Touch | $50 | $90 | Loss | |
| USD/JPY | 60 Second | $25 | $50 | Win | |
width=200px Some additional text explaining the trading results. This text might wrap around the image unexpectedly without Template:Clear. This is especially noticeable with longer text passages. Understanding Money Management is critical in evaluating these results. ```
In this case, the "Some additional text..." might wrap around the "ExampleChart.png" image, creating a messy and unprofessional layout.
Example 2: Trade Result Table With Template:Clear
Now, let's add Template:Clear to the same example:
```wiki
| Date ! Asset ! Type ! Investment ! Payout ! Result ! |
|---|
| EUR/USD | High/Low | $100 | $180 | Win | |
| GBP/JPY | Touch | $50 | $90 | Loss | |
| USD/JPY | 60 Second | $25 | $50 | Win | |
Template loop detected: Template:Clear Some additional text explaining the trading results. This text will now appear below the image, ensuring a clean and organized layout. Remember to always practice Demo Account Trading before risking real capital. ```
By inserting `Template loop detected: Template:Clear` after the table, we force the subsequent text to appear *below* the image, creating a much more readable and professional presentation.
Example 3: Combining with Technical Indicators
```wiki width=300px Bollinger Bands Explained Bollinger Bands are a popular Technical Indicator used in binary options trading. They consist of a moving average and two standard deviation bands above and below it. Traders use these bands to identify potential overbought and oversold conditions. Learning about Support and Resistance Levels can complement this strategy. Template loop detected: Template:Clear This text will now be clearly separated from the image, improving readability. Understanding Implied Volatility is also crucial. ```
Again, the `Template loop detected: Template:Clear` template ensures that the explanatory text does not interfere with the visual presentation of the Bollinger Bands chart.
Best Practices When Using Template:Clear
- Use Sparingly: While Template:Clear is useful, avoid overusing it. Excessive use can create unnecessary vertical spacing and disrupt the flow of the page.
- Strategic Placement: Place Template:Clear immediately after the element that is causing the floating issue (e.g., after a table, image, or other floating element).
- Test Thoroughly: Always preview your page after adding Template:Clear to ensure it has the desired effect. Different browsers and screen resolutions might render the layout slightly differently.
- Consider Alternative Layout Solutions: Before resorting to Template:Clear, explore other layout options, such as adjusting the width of floating elements or using different table styles. Sometimes a more fundamental change to the page structure can eliminate the need for a clearfix.
- Maintain Consistency: If you use Template:Clear in one part of your page, be consistent and use it in other similar sections to ensure a uniform look and feel.
Template:Clear and Responsive Design
In today's digital landscape, responsive design – ensuring your content looks good on all devices (desktops, tablets, smartphones) – is paramount. Template:Clear generally works well with responsive designs, but it's important to test your pages on different screen sizes to confirm that the layout remains optimal. Sometimes, adjustments to the positioning or sizing of floating elements may be necessary to achieve the best results on smaller screens. Understanding Mobile Trading Platforms is important in this context.
Relationship to Other MediaWiki Templates
Template:Clear often works in conjunction with other MediaWiki templates to achieve desired formatting effects. Some related templates include:
- Template:Infobox: Used to create standardized information boxes, often containing tables and images.
- Template:Table: Provides more advanced table formatting options.
- Template:Nowrap: Prevents text from wrapping to the next line, useful for displaying long strings of data.
- Template:Align: Controls the alignment of content within a page.
These templates can be used in conjunction with Template:Clear to create visually appealing and informative binary options content.
Advanced Considerations: CSS and Clearfix Techniques
Behind the scenes, Template:Clear utilizes the CSS “clearfix” technique. This technique involves adding a pseudo-element (typically `::after`) to the container element and setting its `content` property to an empty string and its `display` property to `block`. This effectively forces the container to expand and contain any floating elements within it. While understanding the underlying CSS is not essential for using Template:Clear, it can be helpful for troubleshooting more complex layout issues. For more advanced users, understanding concepts like Fibonacci Retracement and Elliott Wave Theory can enhance trading decisions.
Conclusion
Template:Clear is a simple yet powerful tool for improving the clarity and readability of binary options content in MediaWiki. By preventing unwanted content wrapping and ensuring a structured layout, it contributes to a more professional and user-friendly experience. Mastering the use of Template:Clear, along with other MediaWiki formatting tools, is an essential skill for anyone creating educational materials or informative resources about Binary Options Trading. Remember to always combine clear presentation with sound Trading Psychology and a robust Trading Plan. Finally, careful consideration of Tax Implications of Binary Options is essential.
Recommended Platforms for Binary Options Trading
| Platform | Features | Register |
|---|---|---|
| Binomo | High profitability, demo account | Join now |
| Pocket Option | Social trading, bonuses | Open account |
Start Trading Now
Register at IQ Option (Minimum deposit $10)
Open an account at Pocket Option (Minimum deposit $5)
Join Our Community
Subscribe to our Telegram channel @strategybin to receive: Sign up at the most profitable crypto exchange
⚠️ *Disclaimer: This analysis is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute financial advice. It is recommended to conduct your own research before making investment decisions.* ⚠️
| Khan | Years of Reign | Notes | Muhammad al-Shaybani | 1466–1518 | Founder of the Khanate, known for his military prowess. | Qasim Khan | 1518–1532 | Consolidated the Khanate’s power after al-Shaybani’s death. | Dervish Ali Khan | 1532–1554 | Faced increasing Russian pressure. | Yamgurchi Khan | 1554–1556 | Last Khan of Astrakhan, overthrown by Russia. |
|---|
Template:Clear
Template:Clear is a fundamental formatting tool within the context of presenting information related to Binary Options trading. While it doesn't directly involve trading strategies or risk management techniques, its purpose is critically important: to ensure clarity and readability of complex data, particularly when displaying results, risk disclosures, or comparative analyses. This article will provide a detailed explanation for beginners on how and why Template:Clear is used, its benefits, practical examples within the binary options environment, and best practices for implementation.
What is Template:Clear?
At its core, Template:Clear is a MediaWiki template designed to prevent content from “floating” or misaligning within a page layout. In MediaWiki, and especially when working with tables, images, or other floating elements, content can sometimes wrap around these elements in unintended ways. This can lead to a visually cluttered and confusing presentation, making it difficult for users to quickly grasp key information. Template:Clear essentially forces the following content to appear below any preceding floating elements, preventing this unwanted wrapping. It achieves this by inserting a clearfix – a technique borrowed from CSS – that effectively establishes a new block formatting context.
Why is Template:Clear Important in Binary Options Content?
Binary options trading, by its nature, deals with a lot of numerical data, probabilities, and graphical representations. Consider these scenarios where Template:Clear becomes indispensable:
- Result Displays: Presenting the outcomes of trades (win/loss, payout, investment amount) requires precise alignment. Without Template:Clear, a table displaying trade results might have rows that incorrectly wrap around images or other elements, obscuring crucial details.
- Risk Disclosures: Binary options carry inherent risks. Risk disclosures are legally required and must be presented clearly and conspicuously. Misalignment caused by floating elements can diminish the impact and clarity of these important warnings. See Risk Management for more on mitigating these dangers.
- Comparative Analyses: When comparing different binary options brokers, strategies, or assets, tables are frequently used. Template:Clear ensures that the comparison is presented in a structured and easily digestible format. This is vital for informed decision-making.
- Technical Analysis Charts: Incorporating technical analysis charts (e.g., Candlestick Patterns, Moving Averages, Bollinger Bands) alongside textual explanations requires careful layout. Template:Clear prevents text from overlapping or obscuring the chart itself.
- Strategy Illustrations: Explaining complex Trading Strategies such as Straddle Strategy, Boundary Options Strategy, or High/Low Strategy often involves diagrams or tables. Template:Clear maintains the visual integrity of these illustrations.
- Payout Tables: Displaying payout structures for different binary options types (e.g., 60-Second Binary Options, One Touch Options, Ladder Options) requires clear formatting.
- Volume Analysis Displays: Presenting Volume Analysis data alongside price charts requires clear separation to prevent confusion.
In essence, Template:Clear contributes to the professionalism and trustworthiness of binary options educational materials. Clear presentation fosters understanding and helps traders make more informed decisions.
How to Use Template:Clear in MediaWiki
Using Template:Clear is remarkably simple. You simply insert the following code into your MediaWiki page where you want to force a clear:
```wiki Template loop detected: Template:Clear ```
That's it! No parameters or arguments are required. The template handles the necessary HTML and CSS to create the clearfix effect.
Practical Examples
Let's illustrate the benefits of Template:Clear with some practical examples.
Example 1: Trade Result Table Without Template:Clear
Consider the following example, demonstrating a poorly formatted trade result table:
```wiki
| Date ! Asset ! Type ! Investment ! Payout ! Result ! |
|---|
| EUR/USD | High/Low | $100 | $180 | Win | |
| GBP/JPY | Touch | $50 | $90 | Loss | |
| USD/JPY | 60 Second | $25 | $50 | Win | |
width=200px Some additional text explaining the trading results. This text might wrap around the image unexpectedly without Template:Clear. This is especially noticeable with longer text passages. Understanding Money Management is critical in evaluating these results. ```
In this case, the "Some additional text..." might wrap around the "ExampleChart.png" image, creating a messy and unprofessional layout.
Example 2: Trade Result Table With Template:Clear
Now, let's add Template:Clear to the same example:
```wiki
| Date ! Asset ! Type ! Investment ! Payout ! Result ! |
|---|
| EUR/USD | High/Low | $100 | $180 | Win | |
| GBP/JPY | Touch | $50 | $90 | Loss | |
| USD/JPY | 60 Second | $25 | $50 | Win | |
Template loop detected: Template:Clear Some additional text explaining the trading results. This text will now appear below the image, ensuring a clean and organized layout. Remember to always practice Demo Account Trading before risking real capital. ```
By inserting `Template loop detected: Template:Clear` after the table, we force the subsequent text to appear *below* the image, creating a much more readable and professional presentation.
Example 3: Combining with Technical Indicators
```wiki width=300px Bollinger Bands Explained Bollinger Bands are a popular Technical Indicator used in binary options trading. They consist of a moving average and two standard deviation bands above and below it. Traders use these bands to identify potential overbought and oversold conditions. Learning about Support and Resistance Levels can complement this strategy. Template loop detected: Template:Clear This text will now be clearly separated from the image, improving readability. Understanding Implied Volatility is also crucial. ```
Again, the `Template loop detected: Template:Clear` template ensures that the explanatory text does not interfere with the visual presentation of the Bollinger Bands chart.
Best Practices When Using Template:Clear
- Use Sparingly: While Template:Clear is useful, avoid overusing it. Excessive use can create unnecessary vertical spacing and disrupt the flow of the page.
- Strategic Placement: Place Template:Clear immediately after the element that is causing the floating issue (e.g., after a table, image, or other floating element).
- Test Thoroughly: Always preview your page after adding Template:Clear to ensure it has the desired effect. Different browsers and screen resolutions might render the layout slightly differently.
- Consider Alternative Layout Solutions: Before resorting to Template:Clear, explore other layout options, such as adjusting the width of floating elements or using different table styles. Sometimes a more fundamental change to the page structure can eliminate the need for a clearfix.
- Maintain Consistency: If you use Template:Clear in one part of your page, be consistent and use it in other similar sections to ensure a uniform look and feel.
Template:Clear and Responsive Design
In today's digital landscape, responsive design – ensuring your content looks good on all devices (desktops, tablets, smartphones) – is paramount. Template:Clear generally works well with responsive designs, but it's important to test your pages on different screen sizes to confirm that the layout remains optimal. Sometimes, adjustments to the positioning or sizing of floating elements may be necessary to achieve the best results on smaller screens. Understanding Mobile Trading Platforms is important in this context.
Relationship to Other MediaWiki Templates
Template:Clear often works in conjunction with other MediaWiki templates to achieve desired formatting effects. Some related templates include:
- Template:Infobox: Used to create standardized information boxes, often containing tables and images.
- Template:Table: Provides more advanced table formatting options.
- Template:Nowrap: Prevents text from wrapping to the next line, useful for displaying long strings of data.
- Template:Align: Controls the alignment of content within a page.
These templates can be used in conjunction with Template:Clear to create visually appealing and informative binary options content.
Advanced Considerations: CSS and Clearfix Techniques
Behind the scenes, Template:Clear utilizes the CSS “clearfix” technique. This technique involves adding a pseudo-element (typically `::after`) to the container element and setting its `content` property to an empty string and its `display` property to `block`. This effectively forces the container to expand and contain any floating elements within it. While understanding the underlying CSS is not essential for using Template:Clear, it can be helpful for troubleshooting more complex layout issues. For more advanced users, understanding concepts like Fibonacci Retracement and Elliott Wave Theory can enhance trading decisions.
Conclusion
Template:Clear is a simple yet powerful tool for improving the clarity and readability of binary options content in MediaWiki. By preventing unwanted content wrapping and ensuring a structured layout, it contributes to a more professional and user-friendly experience. Mastering the use of Template:Clear, along with other MediaWiki formatting tools, is an essential skill for anyone creating educational materials or informative resources about Binary Options Trading. Remember to always combine clear presentation with sound Trading Psychology and a robust Trading Plan. Finally, careful consideration of Tax Implications of Binary Options is essential.
Recommended Platforms for Binary Options Trading
| Platform | Features | Register |
|---|---|---|
| Binomo | High profitability, demo account | Join now |
| Pocket Option | Social trading, bonuses | Open account |
Start Trading Now
Register at IQ Option (Minimum deposit $10)
Open an account at Pocket Option (Minimum deposit $5)
Join Our Community
Subscribe to our Telegram channel @strategybin to receive: Sign up at the most profitable crypto exchange
⚠️ *Disclaimer: This analysis is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute financial advice. It is recommended to conduct your own research before making investment decisions.* ⚠️
See Also
- Golden Horde
- Kazan Khanate
- Crimean Khanate
- Ivan the Terrible
- Volga River
- Sarai
- Nogai Horde
- Tatar people
- Islamic Golden Age
- Russian expansion
- Technical Indicators
- Binary Options Strategies
- Risk Management in Binary Options
- Trading Psychology
- Market Analysis
Start Trading Now
Register with IQ Option (Minimum deposit $10) Open an account with Pocket Option (Minimum deposit $5)
Join Our Community
Subscribe to our Telegram channel @strategybin to get: ✓ Daily trading signals ✓ Exclusive strategy analysis ✓ Market trend alerts ✓ Educational materials for beginners
