View source for Federal Council (Russia)

```wiki
#Federal Council (Russia)

The '''Federal Council''' (Russian: Совет Федерации, *Sovet Federatsii*) is the upper house of the [[Federal Assembly]] of Russia, the country's legislative branch. It completes the bicameral structure alongside the [[State Duma]], the lower house. Understanding the Federal Council is crucial to grasping the intricacies of Russian politics and law-making. This article provides a comprehensive overview for beginners, detailing its composition, powers, functions, and historical evolution.

== Composition and Representation ==

The Federal Council is comprised of representatives from all 85 federal subjects (regions) of Russia: 22 republics, 9 krais (territories), 46 oblasts (provinces), 1 autonomous oblast, 4 autonomous okrugs, and the federal cities of Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Sevastopol.  Each federal subject is represented by two delegates.

Historically, these delegates were primarily appointed by the executive branch of each region – the governor or regional legislature. However, a significant change occurred in 2000, shifting the composition.  Currently, one representative from each federal subject is appointed by the regional legislature, while the other is appointed by the regional governor. This dual appointment system aims to balance the interests of regional executives and legislatures.

This seemingly straightforward system hides layers of political maneuvering. Governors, often closely aligned with the federal government, wield significant influence over their appointed delegate. The legislature's delegate often represents a broader range of regional concerns, though they are still subject to political pressures.  The composition of the Federal Council is therefore a reflection of the political landscape within each region, and consequently, the overall political dynamics of Russia.

== Powers and Functions ==

The Federal Council’s powers are defined by the [[Constitution of Russia]] and federal laws.  While the [[State Duma]] initiates most legislation, the Federal Council plays a vital role in the legislative process. Its key functions include:

* '''Approval of Laws Passed by the State Duma:'''  Perhaps the most significant power of the Federal Council is its ability to approve or reject laws already passed by the State Duma. A simple majority vote is sufficient for approval. However, certain types of legislation, as outlined in Article 136 of the Constitution, require a qualified majority of at least three-fifths of the total number of members to pass. This includes laws concerning constitutional amendments, declarations of war and peace, and the introduction of martial law. This qualified majority requirement provides the regions with a significant check on federal power.
* '''Consent to the Appointment of Judges:''' The Federal Council provides its consent to the appointment of judges to the [[Constitutional Court]], the [[Supreme Court]], and the [[Supreme Arbitration Court]]. This power reinforces the Council's role in upholding the rule of law and ensuring judicial independence.
* '''Decision on the Use of Armed Forces:''' The Federal Council makes decisions regarding the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. This power is exercised upon a proposal by the President of Russia.  It represents a critical check on executive power in matters of national security.
* '''Appointment and Dismissal of Certain Officials:''' The Council participates in the appointment and dismissal of certain federal officials, including the Prosecutor General, the Chairman of the Central Bank, and the Chairman of the Audit Chamber.
* '''Resolution of Disputes Over Regional Jurisdiction:''' The Federal Council can resolve disputes over the jurisdiction between federal bodies and the bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
* '''Amendments to the Constitution:''' The Federal Council is a crucial component in the process of amending the Constitution. Amendments require the approval of both the State Duma and the Federal Council, followed by a regional referendum (in some cases).
* '''Inter-Regional Relations:''' The Federal Council promotes cooperation and coordination between the federal subjects of Russia. It serves as a platform for regional leaders to discuss common issues and develop joint initiatives.

It’s important to note that the Federal Council doesn’t generally *initiate* legislation. Its primary role is reactive, reviewing and approving (or rejecting) bills passed by the State Duma. However, it can submit proposals to the State Duma for consideration.

== Historical Evolution ==

The Federal Council’s origins can be traced back to the post-Soviet period and the drafting of the 1993 Constitution. The initial concept aimed to create a truly representative body that would safeguard the interests of the regions and prevent the re-centralization of power that characterized the Soviet era.

* '''1993-2000: The Early Years:''' The initial years were marked by instability and a struggle for power between the federal government and the regions. The Federal Council was often a battleground for these competing interests. The appointment process was largely controlled by regional governors, leading to a perceived lack of accountability and transparency.
* '''2000-2010: Strengthening Central Control:'''  Under Vladimir Putin, the federal government began to exert greater control over the regions. The shift in the appointment process in 2000 – introducing the legislative appointment alongside the gubernatorial appointment – was a key step in this process. This change aimed to reduce the influence of regional governors and bring the Federal Council more firmly under federal control. This period also saw increased emphasis on aligning regional policies with federal priorities.
* '''2010-Present: Continued Consolidation:'''  The trend towards greater federal control continued. Constitutional amendments in 2020 further refined the powers of the Federal Council, primarily focusing on clarifying the appointment process and strengthening the role of the President.  The Council continues to be a vital component of the Russian political system, though its independence from the federal government remains a subject of debate.

The evolution of the Federal Council reflects the broader political trajectory of Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union – a transition from a period of regional autonomy to a more centralized system of governance.

== Relationship with the State Duma and the President ==

The Federal Council operates within a complex web of relationships with the other branches of the Russian government.

* '''State Duma:''' As mentioned earlier, the State Duma initiates most legislation, which is then sent to the Federal Council for approval. The relationship is often described as one of “review and consent”. While the Federal Council can reject legislation, it rarely does so outright. More often, it will propose amendments or seek assurances that regional interests will be taken into account.  [[Legislative Process]] in Russia is heavily influenced by this interplay.
* '''President:''' The President of Russia plays a significant role in influencing the composition and agenda of the Federal Council. The President appoints the governors, who in turn appoint one of the Federal Council representatives from their region. The President also submits proposals to the Federal Council regarding the use of armed forces and the appointment of key officials.  [[Presidential Power]] in Russia is substantial, and extends to shaping the dynamics within the Federal Council.
* '''Government:''' The government, headed by the Prime Minister, works closely with the Federal Council to implement federal policies and address regional concerns. The government provides information and expertise to the Council, and seeks its support for key legislative initiatives.

These relationships are not always harmonious. Regional interests often clash with federal priorities, leading to tensions and negotiations. However, the overall trend has been towards greater coordination and alignment between the different branches of government.

== Criticism and Challenges ==

Despite its constitutional role, the Federal Council has faced criticism from various quarters.

* '''Limited Independence:''' Critics argue that the Federal Council lacks genuine independence from the federal government. The influence of the President and the governors over the appointment of representatives raises concerns about potential conflicts of interest and a lack of accountability.
* '''Lack of Transparency:''' The internal workings of the Federal Council are often opaque, with limited public access to information about its deliberations and decision-making processes.
* '''Regional Disparities:''' The representation of regions in the Federal Council is based on a uniform formula (two representatives per region), regardless of population size or economic importance. This raises concerns about fairness and equity.
* '''Rubber-Stamping Legislation:'''  Some observers accuse the Federal Council of simply rubber-stamping legislation passed by the State Duma, without engaging in meaningful scrutiny or debate.

Addressing these challenges is crucial to enhancing the legitimacy and effectiveness of the Federal Council.  Greater transparency, increased regional representation, and a stronger commitment to independent oversight are all necessary steps.

== Future Prospects ==

The future of the Federal Council is likely to be shaped by several factors, including:

* '''Ongoing Political Centralization:''' The trend towards greater political centralization in Russia is likely to continue, potentially further diminishing the independence of the Federal Council.
* '''Economic Regionalism:''' Growing economic disparities between regions could lead to increased demands for greater regional autonomy and a more prominent role for the Federal Council in addressing these imbalances.
* '''Constitutional Reform:''' Further constitutional amendments could alter the powers and functions of the Federal Council, potentially strengthening or weakening its role in the Russian political system.
* '''Geopolitical Factors:'''  External geopolitical pressures, such as sanctions and international conflicts, could also influence the Federal Council’s agenda and priorities.

The Federal Council remains a vital, albeit often understated, component of the Russian political landscape. Its ability to adapt to these evolving challenges will determine its future relevance and effectiveness.  Understanding its structure, powers, and limitations is essential for anyone seeking to comprehend the complexities of Russian governance.  Further research on [[Russian Political System]] will prove beneficial.

== See Also ==

* [[Federal Assembly]]
* [[State Duma]]
* [[Constitution of Russia]]
* [[Constitutional Court]]
* [[Supreme Court]]
* [[President of Russia]]
* [[Regionalism in Russia]]
* [[Political System of Russia]]
* [[Federal Subjects of Russia]]
* [[Legislative Process]]

== External Links & Resources ==

* [Official Website of the Federal Council](http://council.gov.ru/):  Provides information on the Council's activities, members, and legislation.
* [Constitution of the Russian Federation](http://constitution.ru/en):  The foundational legal document of Russia.
* [Library of Congress - Russia](https://www.loc.gov/country-studies/russia/):  Provides comprehensive background information on Russia, including its political system.
* [Carnegie Endowment for International Peace - Russia](https://carnegieendowment.org/programs/russia):  Offers analysis and commentary on Russian politics and foreign policy.
* [Council on Foreign Relations - Russia](https://www.cfr.org/russia):  Provides insights on Russia's domestic and foreign affairs.
* [Russia Profile](https://www.russiaprofile.org/):  A source of information on Russian society, politics, and economy.
* [Reuters - Russia](https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia):  News coverage of Russia.
* [Associated Press - Russia](https://apnews.com/hub/russia):  News coverage of Russia.
* [TradingView - Russian Ruble](https://www.tradingview.com/symbols/USDRUB/): Track the performance of the Russian Ruble.
* [Investopedia - Political Risk](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/politicalrisk.asp): Understand the risks associated with political instability.
* [FXStreet - Economic Calendar](https://www.fxstreet.com/economic-calendar): Stay informed about important economic events in Russia.
* [Bloomberg - Russia Economy](https://www.bloomberg.com/europe/russia): Economic data and analysis for Russia.
* [Reuters - Russian Stock Market](https://www.reuters.com/markets/stocks/russia): Performance of the Russian stock market.
* [Trading Economics - Russia](https://tradingeconomics.com/russia/indicators): Key economic indicators for Russia.
* [Statista - Russia](https://www.statista.com/topics/1725/russia/): Statistical data on various aspects of Russia.
* [Geopolitical Futures - Russia](https://www.geopoliticalfutures.com/country/russia/): Geopolitical analysis of Russia.
* [Stratfor - Russia](https://worldview.stratfor.com/country/russia): Strategic intelligence on Russia.
* [Risk Management Association](https://www.rmia.org/): Learn about risk management strategies.
* [Technical Analysis of Financial Markets by John J. Murphy](https://www.amazon.com/Technical-Analysis-Financial-Markets-Murphy/dp/0471793526): A classic text on technical analysis.
* [Candlestick Patterns Trading Bible by Munehisa Homma](https://www.amazon.com/Candlestick-Patterns-Trading-Bible-Homma/dp/1530891049): Learn about candlestick patterns.
* [Fibonacci Trading for Dummies by Barbara Rockefeller](https://www.amazon.com/Fibonacci-Trading-Dummies-Barbara-Rockefeller/dp/1118890340): Understand Fibonacci retracements.
* [Bollinger on Bollinger Bands by John Bollinger](https://www.amazon.com/Bollinger-Bollinger-Bands-John-Bollinger/dp/0471793550): Learn about Bollinger Bands.
* [Moving Averages Explained by James Cordier](https://www.amazon.com/Moving-Averages-Explained-James-Cordier/dp/0936525261): Understand moving averages.
* [Elliott Wave Principle by A.J. Frost & Robert Prechter](https://www.amazon.com/Elliott-Wave-Principle-Key-Financial/dp/0735201878): Learn about Elliott Wave Theory.
* [Trend Following by Michael Covel](https://www.amazon.com/Trend-Following-Michael-Covel/dp/073520171X): Understand trend following strategies.

[[Category:Government of Russia]]
```

== Start Trading Now ==
[https://affiliate.iqbroker.com/redir/?aff=1085&instrument=options_WIKI Sign up at IQ Option] (Minimum deposit $10)
[http://redir.forex.pm/pocketo Open an account at Pocket Option] (Minimum deposit $5)
=== Join Our Community ===
Subscribe to our Telegram channel [https://t.me/strategybin @strategybin] to receive:
✓ Daily trading signals
✓ Exclusive strategy analysis
✓ Market trend alerts
✓ Educational materials for beginners